Critical analysis of market access with regard to the ECJ rules on Outline

Basic examination of market access with respect to the ECJ governs on free development of products - Outline Example To be noted in such manner, ECJ has forced a couple of laws in regards to the free developments of products and market joining inside EU part states. ECJ has likewise forced a few laws that has stressed ecological insurance just as social approaches guaranteeing straightforwardness and balance to a significant extent2. In light of this comprehension, the examination plans to look at the upsides and downsides related with the free development of products permitted by ECJ, to get a basic domain of the market get to delighted in by member nations. An expounded balanced will be conveyed in regards to the technique to be utilized while thinking about the expressed focus on this examination. To be noted in such manner, as the investigation will follow a subjective methodology, it is essential to decide the factors to be viewed as when playing out the planned topical examination of the accumulate data. With this accentuation, the section will consequently examine about the suppositions take n to decipher how market access to EU, for the part states just as for the outside nationals, are getting affected by the overarching organized commerce system according to the ECJ. This part will expand on the significance of ECJ over interior market combination. This specific part will hence contain a basic audit of the perspectives introduced by analysts that will assist with giving a nitty gritty review in regards to the ECJ’s commitment towards the market incorporation. A methodological brief of the investigation will likewise be conveyed in this segment wherein the justification will be given concerning the choice of the writing. To be expressed unequivocally, writing distributed inside the range of recent years will be considered for the investigation, despite the fact that this bar of the referenced period will be overlooked when alluding to cases. That is, cases must be applicable to unhindered commerce of merchandise in EU and be enlisted under ECJ to be

What makes hamlet worthy of critical study free essay sample

Hamlet strips away the facade and distractions that trap our brains, compelling us to defy the crude human condition in the entirety of its agony and wonder. Therefore, Hamlet has never stopped to excite crowds since its origination, and has been basically investigated for quite a long time. Shakespeare investigates thoughts that are all around comprehended: the human requirement for retaliation, human greatness just as human failings, and the unavoidable nearness of death. Aggregately, these thoughts make a profound examining out of the human condition. On an individual level, Hamlet has been deserving of my interpretive examination since it has incited me to draw in with my environmental factors all the more fundamentally, addressing set up qualities, standards and codes of conduct that had recently held my conviction. Hamlet’s suffering sensational legitimacy, and by augmentation its unfailing value of basic examination, is generally nailed to its capacity to investigate all around got feelings and thoughts that add to our understanding the human condition. Humanity’s inborn interest and want for retaliation is examined in Hamlet, which is a play about vengeance as opposed to a conventional retribution catastrophe, appeared through Hamlet’s profound philosophical insights about his errand, for example, regardless of whether genuine vengeance would be served if Claudius winds up going to paradise. Retribution drives the twofold strands of the play’s plot: Hamlet’s vengeance against Claudius; Laertes’s against Hamlet’s. Another less noticeable strand is Fortinbras’ retribution against King Hamlet’s, who attached Norwegian land. Shakespeare solicits us to think about the thought from retribution on every one of these levels. By counterpointing these strands of the plot, just as the diverse characters’ (Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras) response to their assignment, Shakespeare investigates the scope of ways people manage our longing for retaliation. Hamlet is loaded with uncertainty and good doubts, however Laertes and Fortinbras are Herculean men that look for retribution easily and heading. In this way through vengeance, Shakespeare likewise investigates the idea of men. Besides, the play closes with goals on every one of the three ‘revenge plots’; Hamlet does in fact slaughter Claudius, Laertes wounds Hamlet, and Fortinbras successes back his territory. This showy goals lies in the acknowledgment of retribution †things are not ‘right’ except if retaliation is accomplished. On account of the idea of Hamlet as a play about retribution, our help at this showy goals is twofold edged; Hamlet prompts us to consider the human mental need to ‘set things right’ through retaliation. A play that can catch successfully with the idea of man †regardless of whether man is extraordinary and honorable, or whether man is pitiful †guarantees that it associates with crowds from all unique situations. Shakespeare compares humanist and against humanist qualities, an especially conspicuous subject for philosophical talk in the Elizabethan world. These thoughts are best observed in Hamlet’s ‘what a bit of work is a man’ discourse. The pressure between the positive humanist perspective on man and the discouraging perspective on man as pitiable is investigated through rehashed juxtaposition of pictures. There is a complexity between depictions of humankind’s significance, and Hamlet’s individual somber perspective on the world. Man’s heavenly characteristics, his preeminent magnificence and fear, are put close to Hamlets see that we are the ‘quintessence of dust’. The suggestion is that all these celebrated human abilities disintegrate to tidy when taking a gander at the more extensive setting of presence †we live for a tiny measure of time, and afterward amazing, overlooked, and become dust. In spite of the fact that man may be the most perfect type of residue, we are still eventually made of earth. Hamlet has the one of a kind capacity to address the issues lying at the base of human presence in language that isn't oppressively philosophical or translated, making it deserving of basic investigation. Dread of death is a sensation all around comprehended, and demise itself is a wonder that influences every living being. Hamlet acts, in addition to other things, as a Memento mori. Hamlet’s individual distraction with death, and Shakespeare’s want to stand up to the crowd with the idea of death, is reflected through the dominance of death and inferences to death all through the play. At the point when Hamlet initially shows up, he is wearing dark, grieving his dad; he yearns for death (‘there is nothing that I will all the more energetically part withal: aside from my life’); the players institute the passing of Priam and the homicide of Gonzago; Polonius’ demise, Ophelia’s passing and Hamlet’s own passing, which is accentuated as his body is stolen away stage. Ruler Hamlet’s passing prompts Hamlet himself to think about death and self destruction: ‘to be or not to be’. The speech’s reputation is declaration to the widespread human interest with death, and our clashing feeling of aching and dread for death. Hamlet stands up to us with the verified certainty of human presence †it is vain, in light of the fact that passing is the final product, deleting all we accomplish throughout everyday life. ‘We fat all animals else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for worms: your fat ruler and your lean hobo is nevertheless factor administration, two dishes, yet one table that’s the end.’ The straightforwardness of lingual authority here permits these plans to be communicated in facing way; there is no whimsical scholarly proposition about the idea of death †Shakespeare just tells it for what it's worth. Sometime in the future, you also will be dead, and acceptable just to take care of worms. The reiteration of ‘we’ stresses our aggregate destiny. It is likewise no occurrence that the perceived visual for Hamlet is a skull. Yorick’s skull speaks to the cruel truth of death; we may conceal indications of maturing with ‘paint an inch thick’ yet we will in the long run be a unimportant heap of bones. Hamlet has been deserving of my basic investigation since it has provoked me to scrutinize the codes, practices and convictions that I recently underestimated. I effectively identify with Hamlet, and his excursion through thwarted expectation has urged me to receive a progressively basic and pessimistic view on my own environmental factors. Hamlet separates the amenities and varnishes that hide the genuine idea of human presence. Claudius’ Denmark of the Renaissance works on objectivity. It is an all around oiled political machine for control. On account of the stunning idea of his father’s passing and his mother’s resulting union with Claudius, Hamlet is stunned out of this worldview. The sound external appearance of Denmark is appeared through the grandeur and service of Claudius’ discourse, which prompts everybody to defeat their despondency and to invite another state †to pick reason over feeling. He tells the court, ‘in equivalent scale gauging delight and dole’. There is an accentuation on estimation and reasonability. The upsetting of reason is represented by the apparition, a component of the powerful and insignificant. Drastically, this is appeared as the ‘ghost cries under the stage’; the truth of this world is not exactly steady. Denmark’s saccharine, sensible appearance covers a profound debasement; each character with the exception of Horatio is a liar, killer or distraught. The rot at the core of individual and public activity progressively taints the language: ‘sullied flesh’; ‘rank and net in nature’; ‘foul deeds’; ‘maggots’; ‘carrion’; ‘offal’; ‘rank corruption’. Franticness that Hamlet accept and into which Ophelia slips is the individual side effect of a more profound social discomfort. Hamlet’s sheer trustworthiness uncovered the genuine idea of this world. Hamlet’s developing thwarted expectation and breakdown of the surface estimations of his reality has reverberated specifically, permitting me to pass judgment on my environmental factors from new edges. Hamlet is deserving of basic examination since it thinks about profound all inclusive subjects of human presence. Such topics incorporate the human requirement for retribution, the nature of man and the oppressive nearness of death. Specifically, examining Hamlet has been an improving encounter. Hamlet has provoked me to take part in a more profound reflection on my environmental factors and not just take things on face esteem. Subsequently, Hamlet is deserving of study on both the insightful and individual level.

The Role of the Litigation Attorney Before, During, and After the Court Process

The Role of the Litigation Attorney Before, During, and After the Court Process Are you embroiled in a business dispute? Going through a divorce? Did you get hurt in a car accident? All these are situations where it might be necessary for you to seek the services of a litigation lawyer. In the last few decades, US has earned a reputation as the most “litigious society” owing to the tremendous increase in lawsuits. Today, Americans are turning to lawsuits for the resolution of even the smallest problems, from neighbor disputes to spilled hot coffee. With Americans having such a high affinity for lawsuits, you have possibly had to deal with a lawsuit. Even if you haven’t, you might find yourself having to deal with a lawsuit at one time or another. This can be quite stressing. Not only do you have to deal with stresses of the issue behind the lawsuit, you also have to deal with the challenges of navigating the courts and litigation processes. If you want to successfully navigate these processes, you might need the services of a litigation attorney.In crimina l cases, the defendant has a constitutional right to legal counsel as provided by the sixth amendment. However, there’s no federal constitutional right to counsel in civil cases. Therefore, if you find yourself dealing with a civil lawsuit, you could end up being one of the millions of people who go to court without legal representation. Without a litigation attorney, not only will it be a challenge to navigate the litigation process, you will also reduce your chances of winning the case by half. On the other hand, having a litigation attorney makes the litigation process simple and increases your chances of getting a favorable outcome for your case. If you have a looming court case, you might not be sure whether or not you need a litigation attorney. To make it easier for you to make the decision, we are going to look at the role of the litigation attorney and how they can help you with your case. WHO IS A LITIGATION ATTORNEY?Litigation attorneys are legal experts who represent p laintiffs or defendants in civil cases. Litigation attorneys can also be referred to as trial lawyers or litigators. Litigation attorneys are responsible for managing all the phases of a litigation, including activities like investigating the details of the case, gathering of evidence, interviewing of witnesses and other parties, reading depositions and analyzing pertinent information, pleadings, settlement, and the appeal process. The litigation attorney will also help you to make sense of the Latin phrases and complex jargon that is the hallmark of legal matters.The tasks carried out by the litigation attorney will depend on the nature of the dispute as well as whether they are representing a plaintiff or defendant. Since litigation attorneys are experts in law and since they are conversant with all the procedural tricks of the legal process, having a litigation attorney will put you in the best position to win your case. In return, they get some monetary compensation once you win your case. Some of the types of civil lawsuits that litigation attorneys can handle include:Personal injury claimsEmployment lawsuitsEnvironmental lawDivorce and other family law disputesProduct liability suitsReal estate lawsuitsLandlord/tenant lawsuitsVenture capitalBusiness disputesMedical malpracticeIntellectual propertyAnti-trust litigationShareholders oppression Estate litigationConstructions liensBuilder’s liensMechanical liens, etc. Many lawyers often specialize on one area, such as family law or real estate, instead of handling all kinds of civil cases. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LITIGATION ATTORNEYThe litigation attorney helps you with all the processes pertaining to civil lawsuits. Some of the tasks a litigation attorney might help you with include: Initial Case Assessment And InvestigationThis is a consultative stage. During this stage, your litigation attorney will spend time meeting with you and advising you. They will conduct an initial case investigation and try to find out if the available evidence is enough to file a strong suit. They will review details about the case and come up with a strategy on how to handle the case. They will advise between settling the case out of court and letting it go to trial, depending on the specifics of the case. If you are the defendant, the litigator will assess any evidence that they can use to defend you. Some of the activities that the litigation attorney will engage in in this phase include locating witnesses and taking their statements, interviewing you (the client), collecting documents and establishing the facts of the situation that led to the dispute. The litigator might also engage with the other party and attempt to settle the matter without the need to file a lawsuit. Assistance With DocumentsOne of the things that makes the court process challenging is the sheer number of documents that need to be filled or handed in. Failure to hand in some of these documents or handing them late can gr eatly change the dynamics of a lawsuit. Litigation attorneys are conversant with the process and are aware of all the documents that are required, as well as the specific timeframe within which they should be completed. Some of the documents that a litigation attorney might help you with include:AffidavitsComplaintsDefensesDiscoveryFurther and better particularsInterrogatoriesDrafting PleadingsThe lawsuit process requires several pleadings and motions to be filed with the court, either on behalf of the defendant or the plaintiff. If you are the plaintiff, your litigation attorney will initiate the lawsuit by drafting and filing a complaint and a summons. If you are the defendant, your litigation attorney will need to draft an answer and sometimes a counterclaim, depending on the complaint filed by the plaintiff. Your litigation attorney will also help you with investigating the allegations filed in the complaint in order to come up with appropriate responses. In addition to pleading s, it is also the responsibility of litigation attorneys to draft pre-trial motions, such as the motion to change the venue of trial or the motion to dismiss a piece of evidence. DiscoveryThis is the phase where the two parties involved in the lawsuit exchange any information that might be relevant to the lawsuit. There are several tactics and devices that your litigation attorney might use to gain this information from the other party. These include:Interrogatories: This is one of the most common methods of gaining information during the discovery phase. An interrogatory is a series of written questions that is served to the other party. It is compulsory for the other party to answer these questions in writing. The answers to these questions can then be used in court in case the other party changes their story later. Providing incorrect information in an interrogatory can lead to one being charged with perjury.Depositions: This involves asking the other party some oral questions in an out-of-court setting. Depositions are answered under oath and can be reduced to written transcripts which can later be used in court in case the deponent (the one being questioned) fails to appear in court or if they change their story.Requests for production of evidence: This is where the litigation attorney asks the other party to make available any physical evidence that might be relevant to the lawsuit. This is especially useful for gathering pertinent documents, such as letters, receipts, contracts, and so on. A litigator might also hire an e-discovery professional to help them gather and analyze electrically stored information (ESI) from the other party.Requests for admission: This involves asking the other party to admit or deny the certain facts of the lawsuit in writing and under oath. The aim of requests for admission is to save time and reduce the number of issues that might need proving during trial. Pre-Trial TasksOnce a lawsuit has been filed and accepted, the liti gation attorney will need to wrap up the discovery phase and conduct some pre-trial activities to prepare for appearance in court. These activities include gathering the names of potential witnesses, arranging for and conducting depositions by experts, interviewing key witnesses, examining evidence that will be used as exhibits in court, preparing evidence to be used in court, coming up with trial strategies depending on the available evidence and facts, attending pre-trial conferences, and drafting and arguing pre-trial motions. Representation In TrialIf the case proceeds to the trial stage, it is the responsibility of your litigation attorney to represent you in court. Before the trial, the litigation attorney will need to come up with a trial strategy that will maximize the chances of winning the case. Part of crafting the trial strategy is to perform a SWOT analysis of the case and come up with persuasive arguments. The trial stage begins with a process known as vior dire where the members of the jury are selected. Once the court proceedings are underway, the litigation attorney will present your case in court, make opening and closing statements, present any relevant evidence, examine and cross-examine witnesses, argue motions and generally craft their version of the case. The litigation attorney might also interview the members of the jury post-trial. SettlementSometimes, cases do not get to the trial phase. Instead, the two parties come up with a way of settling the dispute out of court in order to do away with the expense and risk of going to court. A litigation attorney can help you settle a case without the need to go to trial. To do this, the litigation attorney will negotiate with the other parties and try to come to a reasonable settlement. Sometimes, the litigation attorney might even need to take part in mediation and settlement conferences with the judge in charge of the case. Once an agreement has been reached, it will be the responsibility of the litigation attorney to create agreements and releases based on the agreement. More often than not, it is better to settle instead of going to trial. AppealSometimes, the trial might not go as you expected, creating the need for an appeal. However, a case cannot be appealed simply because it didn’t go as you expected. Instead, there should be evidence to show why the court’s decision was wrong. For instance, if some evidence was dismissed when it should have been admitted, this can act as grounds for an appeal. If you decide to appeal the decision of the court, it will be the responsibility of your litigation attorney to draft post-trial motions, identify grounds for the appeal, collect evidence for the appellate record, come up with strategies for the appeal, draft documents for the appeal and present your appeal before the appellate court. BENEFITS OF HIRING A LITIGATION ATTORNEYBelow are some reasons why it might be in your best interests to hire a litigation attorney to help you with your civil lawsuit: Peace Of MindIf you ask someone who has just represented himself in court, one of their top regrets is usually not getting an attorney to represent them. One thing that most people forget is that representing yourself puts you to close to the case. Your emotions cloud your judgment and make it hard for you to represent yourself to the best of your ability. Actually, most civil disputes end up becoming lawsuits because one or both parties are too emotionally invested in the dispute to come to an amicable solution. If you chose to work with an attorney, you will have the peace of mind that someone experienced and knowledgeable is doing their best to ensure that you get a favorable outcome from the case. You won’t get out of the case with regrets.  It Might Save CostsThis might be hard to believe, considering that you have to pay money to hire a litigation attorney, who can sometimes be rather expensive. However, hiring a litigator will save you mone y in the long run. A litigator can help you save money in terms of penalties and fines. A litigator will also increase your likelihood of getting a favorable judgment, helping you avoid paying anything to the other party or even ensuring you get some compensation from the other party. Reduced RiskWorking with a litigation attorney increases the chances of everything going well throughout the case. Litigators understand the law and court procedures, therefore they are better placed to ensure that everything is done properly. They know what to share in court and what to keep confidential. Even in the event that things do not go as expected, having someone knowledgeable in your corner will help you take further action to ensure the final outcome is favorable to you, which is something you might not be able to do on your own. Avoid Incriminating YourselfWhen testifying in a court of law, you should be very cautious, especially when the other party has legal counsel while you don’t. Th e other party’s legal counsel can easily trap you into revealing things that would end up with you incriminating yourself. However, if you have a litigation attorney, he or she will coach you on what to say in court and what not to say, as well as how to say whatever you have to say. This way, you litigation attorney ensures that you do not anything that might incriminate you or dilute the strength of your argument. Easily Navigate The Court ProcessOne of the greatest benefits of hiring a litigation attorney is that they will help you navigate the court process easily and properly. It doesn’t matter how much you prepare for the lawsuit by yourself, you will find yourself in need of guidance at some point. Researching and reading online can only take you so far. Only a qualified and experienced litigation attorney will be able to come up with the best strategy to ensure that you get a favorable outcome for your case. This is made even more challenging by the fact that many legal activities are quite complicated. Even the smallest activities in court require that certain procedures be followed. It is as important to follow these procedures as it is to correctly argue your case. Failure to properly follow these procedures can have your case thrown out or the key evidence you were relying on dismissed. According to this study, litigants representing themselves in a civil lawsuit have to perform almost 200 discrete tasks as part of the lawsuit processes. These tasks include things such as finding the right court, correctly interpreting the law, collecting and compiling evidence, filing motions, negotiating settlements, and so on. Many of these tasks can only be done properly by someone with a thorough knowledge and understanding of the law and the court system. Harvard Law School’s Access to Justice Lab has also monitored how complex the justice system can be. Even the most routine court processes require several steps, many of which vary depending on the sta te, the presiding judge and the particulars of the case. Having a litigation attorney can make this process a lot of easier for you, in addition to ensuring that your case does not get thrown out because you missed a single step you were not even aware of. ExperienceLitigation attorneys are experienced in handling civil disputes. This is their profession. Therefore, a litigator won’t get overly emotional if something they did not want to hear is said. They can handle negotiations and mediations objectively without taking things personally. On the other hand, if you are representing yourself and something upsetting is said to you, there is a likelihood that you might take it personally and do something regrettable. Having a litigation attorney maintains level headedness during the whole process. In addition, since the litigation attorney is conversant with the court processes, he is more likely to recognize instances of biasness or unfair treatment by a judge. Sometimes, the key pi ece of evidence being used against you might not have even been obtained properly. Unless you are conversant with court procedures, you wouldn’t know. Only an experienced person can recognize such malpractices and file motions to deal with such situations. Proper Handling Of Your CaseFinally, working with a litigation attorney will ensure that your case is handled properly. Litigators have been in similar situations a number of times and know how to handle any issues pertaining to the case, something you might not know how to do if you are representing yourself. For instance, if you are filing a personal injury claim, a litigator will have better knowledge of the key elements for a successful claim, the right amount to ask for, how to deal with insurance companies, and so on. In addition, litigators have a wide network of experts and professionals who can help with the discovery process or with challenging testimony or evidence provided by the other party. THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND W HEN HIRING A LITIGATION ATTORNEYOnce you have decided to hire the services of a litigation attorney, there are some considerations you should keep in mind to make sure you get the best out of the litigator. These include: Experience: Different litigators specialize in different areas of the law, so you want to be sure that the litigator you choose to work with is experienced in similar cases. For instance, it would not be wise to get a real estate litigator to help you in an employment lawsuit. Ask for a track record of cases the litigator has had in the last one year and find out how many went to trial. Were the cases tried by a judge or a jury? You want a litigation attorney who is comfortable in all these situations. Do your research: You don’t have to hire the first litigator you come across. Instead, talk with two or three of them and find the one that is best suited to handle your case. Find out about their experience, whether they think the case will go to trial or settleme nt, whether they will personally handle the case, their fees, and so on. Know the details of the deal: Don’t sign any agreement with the lawyer before you understand all the details of the agreement. What information will the litigator need from you? How often will you receive updates about the case? What are the total costs? What’s outcome are you aiming for? If anything is not clear, seek clarification before signing the agreement. Costs: Finally, review the costs associated with hiring the services of the litigation attorney. Ask for the lawyer to provide you with their fees in writing. Make sure that you understand all the charges before you hire the litigator. In addition, make sure you are aware of all the payment terms and arrangements. Will you pay an hourly rate? A flat fee? A contingency fee? You don’t want any surprises after the litigator has represented you in court. WRAPPING UPIt is clear that the legal process can be quite complex for someone who is self-represe nting, thereby making it necessary to have a litigation attorney help you with the process. Litigation attorneys will help you with various aspects of a lawsuit, including initial case assessment and investigation, document preparation, drafting pleadings, discovery, pre-trial tasks, representation in trial, settlement and appeal. Working with a litigation attorney has a number of benefits, including giving your peace of mind, helping you save costs, minimizing your risk, avoiding incriminating yourself, navigating the court process easily, better experience and better handling of the case.

Government Low Carbon Housing Demands Effects On Contractors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6161 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Sustainability has been on the lips of everyone involved in the construction industry for the last 10 years. However, the issue of Sustainability arouse first in a Report named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our Common Futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This then prompted the need for the conference in Brazil (1992). Discussed in this conference were the core principles of sustainability being; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Greene, D. (1997) Both à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sustainabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Recessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are both terms in which have a range of meanings and attitudes. As the issue of Sustainability is being used more and more in the construction industry is recent years it is imperative to try and pin point exactly what sustainable commercial construction is. It is also paramount to determine just exactly what the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"recessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is and show just how they have affected each other. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Government Low Carbon Housing Demands Effects On Contractors" essay for you Create order In recent years, we have had two previous recessions, one being in the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and the second one being in the early 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. This is the third à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"recessionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that the country has been in, in as many decades. In June 2008, the country officially entered the third recession, of which we are still in today, Sustainability has become more of a problem in recent years due to the major issue of the recession. Sustainability needs to be addressed and identified and it is important that it is done within one of the largest industries, if not the biggest, being the construction industry. In my research I will hopefully try to clarify the terms, sustainable commercial construction and the recession and show how each one has affected the other. Keywords Sustainable Commercial Construction; Recession; Introduction One of the main priorities for the construction industry and any construction company are to produce Sustainable Commercial Buildings. As everyone knows, the country has been hit by a recession with the construction industry being hit the hardest. It is important to define exactly what Sustainable Construction in commercial buildings is and exactly what the recession is and see just how the recession has affected Sustainable Commercial Construction 1.2 Aim In this dissertation I aim to investigate exactly what the recession is, exactly what sustainable development is and I aim to show the audience just how each one has affected each other 1.3 Project Objectives To define the recession To define sustainable construction To determine just how the recession and sustainable construction have been affected by each other. What barriers or influences encourage or deter companies to build Sustainable Commercial Buildings. 1.4 Proposed Structure 1.4.1 Background First of all the research will define both the recession and will also define sustainable construction and go on to look at how they have been affected by one another. The research should then go on and look at what barriers or influences encourage or deter companies to build Sustainable Buildings. 1.4.2 Collection of Results The collection of results will be accomplished using professionals who are currently working in and around the construction industry. Results will be collected with information regarding their views on whether Sustainable Construction has been affected by the Recession and other information regarding Sustainable Construction. 1.4.3 Analysis The results collected from my interviews will then be analysed so that an outcome can be gained to answer the investigation objectives pointed out earlier. They will also be analysed to show a comparison with past research relating Sustainable Construction and the Recession. 1.4.4 Final Analysis The final analysis is the last part of the research, like a conclusion it will assess the data to check and make sure that all aspects of the investigation have been covered. The investigation will then be checked to make sure it cannot be improved and revisited. Sustainable Commercial Construction and the Recession Scope of the Chapter This section of the dissertation will determine the definition of Sustainable Commercial Construction and will also try and determine just exactly what a recession is. 2.2 The Recession In June 2008 the United Kingdom officially entered the recession that we are still in today. The main area that has been affected in this country and many other countries is construction, which has been hit massively. Companies and businesses right across the board are being affected from big names such as Balfour Beatty, the Kier Group down to small independent companies. Any sort of work is few and far between nowadays with every company accepting any sort of work no matter how small or big it is. I feel that this topic as it will show you past the commercial side of the recession. Everybody knows that the country is in the recession, but not that many people know exactly what a recession is and what damage it can cause to the economy and the country. It has a massive knock on affect right the way down the board and I believe that if we are going to get out of the recession quickly and efficiently people need to know how to adapt and work with it. The recession is not very well understood for one simple factor: There is not a universally agreed upon definition. There is a standard newspaper definition of a recession à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"is a decline in the gross domestic product (GDP) for two or more consecutive quartersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. There are 4 quarters to the year and each one lasts for approximately 12 weeks. This definition is not popular with most economists for two main reasons. Firstly, this definition does not take into account changes in other variables such as unemployment rate or consumer confidence. Secondly, by using quarterly data this definition makes it difficult to pinpoint when a recession starts to when it ends. The second definition is from the Business Cycle Dating Committee (BCDC). The committee provides a better way to find out whether or not there has been a definition as they determine the amount of business activity in the economy by looking at, employment, industrial production, real income and whole -sail retail sites. The past 20 years has been a growing realisation that the current model of development is unsustainable and basically, we are living beyond our means. Before anyone knew anything about this current recession, one part of construction that was on the rise was sustainable development. It is rumoured that one of the key factors in which the recession was brought on is that companies were being too selfish in that they were thinking about the short term rather than the long term. Some unsustainable business practices were concerned about profiteering and not focused enough on balancing profit with social and environmental targets. With the current economic crises being the way it is, companies are rarely willing to spend money on anything but essentials to their business. The credit crunch has virtually halted all new development and with falling land prices, affordability has become more important than ever, thereby highlighting development costs and the increased expense of complying with sustainable standards. Ultimately crucial issues related to sustainable development such as healthcare, education, affordable access to food, water, energy and responsible harvesting of natural resources are being affected as the crisis deepens. The increasing stress we put on resources and environmental systems such as water, land and air cannot go on forever. The need for Sustainable Commercial Development is too great to be ignored. Even in this recession and the state that the economy is in it is absolutely paramount that we as a country, continent and as a human race continue to develop sustainably. Instead of businesses thinking of their short term future, they now need to be thinking about their long term future. Instead of reeling in the cash straight away, we need to hold out and wait for the return from sustainable buildings and development all round. The sooner people and companies realize this, then the sooner the construction industry will have left the recession and will be planning for the future and sustainable development wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be a thing upon which businesses sigh about doing, it will become the first thing they think of. 3.0 Sustainable Buildings Sustainability in building was completely unknown up until around the late 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The idea only came about in reply to the energy crisis and people concerned about the environment. There are not many people in this country or the world in fact who will not have heard the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sustainabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but the vast majority of them will not understand what it means. According to Holmberg and Sandbrook (1992) there now appears to be 70 definitions in circulation. However, out of these 70 or so definitions that are circulating there is no definite, set definition of sustainable building but according to Kirby et al (1995) the definition which is commonly deemed as the most accurate or the official one is the Brundtland definition (WCED 1987) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Although, Brundtland did make this definition, it is an adaption of a previous definition made by Lester Brown. Lester Brown however defined a sustainable society, rather than sustainable development. He defined a sustainable society as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one that is able to satisfy its needs without diminishing the chance of future generationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Charles J Kilbert 2008) It is easy to see the comparisons between the two definitions made firstly by Lester Brown and secondly, the Brundtland definition. Although the Brundtland definition is the most common and widely used, it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t define sustainable construction, only sustainable development. According to Dickie and Howard (2000) they describe sustainable construction as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the contribution of construction to sustainable developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This definition from Dickie an Howard (2000) is very simple, but explains a lot, anyone would be able to understand it. Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Riorden (1985) commented on the difficulty of describing sustainability, describing its definition as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exploration into a tangled conceptual jungle where watchful eyes lurk at every bendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This description of how hard and elusive it is to describe correctly what sustainability just shows you how vague and confusing defining sustainability can become. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sustainability is like plumbing or air conditioning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a general attitude you apply to a building. It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t create its own architecture but it informs the way architecture is producedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Slavid, Ruth (1998) uses this definition and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obvious that there are not only different definitions but also different meanings to the definitions. According to Addis, B and Talbot, R (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sustainable development is about achieving economic and social objectives while minimising adverse environmental impactsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This definition comes from the e-journal; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sustainable construction procurement: a guide to delivering environmentally responsible projectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by Addis, B and Talbot, R (2001). As you can see all the definitions on this page and the previous page all define sustainable construction, development or sustainability on the whole, and they are all pretty much nothing like each other. Although there have been many definitions of sustainability for example that from the World Congress of Architects (1993) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sustainability means meeting our needs today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Even though all the definitions above are different you can see a definite trend between them. I believe they are all loosely based on that from the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. This report is commonly known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Brundtland Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Some people may believe that having no definition for sustainable development could be an issue because how are people meant to implement and deliver sustainable development and in this case sustainable construction if an official definition has not been agreed. 3.1 Case Study To help what is understand what is involved in Sustainable Commercial Construction, a case study will be used. Whitecross High School, Hereford, England Owner: Herefordshire County Council Address: Three Elms Road, Herford, Herefordshire Architect: Haverstock Associates Building Services Consultant: Couch Perry Wilkes Contractor: Stepnell LTD Figure 1 Image of Whitecross High School, Hereford, England Whitecross High School in Hereford was primarily designed where energy / sustainability was high priority for the client. The gross internal floor area of the school is 9160m2 and was built for approximately 900 students. The brief for the project contained stringent sustainability requirements, and this became the key driver for the design process. Sustainable features of Whitecross High School: High mass and thermal insulation levels with low air permeability rates Excellent air quality and summertime temperature control Heat recovery ventilation 90% efficient Very Low annual energy consumption Sustainable solutions provided within PFI cost framework Natural materials used throughout construction Hazardous materials excluded from the building specification Following the case study, we can see at the Whitecross High School that not only is there sustainable energy solutions in this sustainable building but there have been solutions designed in the buildings. For example the excellent air quality and summertime temperature control system means that other expensive and unreliable systems would not be needed, saving time and money on the sustainable building. You can tell by the number of definitions and the lack of agreement of an official definition about the subject of sustainability and sustainable construction is confusing and complex. The main disagreement is apparent around how to implement sustainable construction what systems actually make a sustainable building, sustainable. 4.0 Research Approach 4.1 Scope of the Chapter This chapter of my dissertation will outline the research methods used to complete my dissertation. It will compare the two different types of research and will also show why I have chosen my specific method. 4.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Research When researching for any type of information there are different methods that can be used. There are two principal strands of data collection methodologies and strategies which are distinctly different. (Bryman 2004) Quantitative research involves the use of structured questions where the answer are predetermined, this research is done over a large number of respondents and is statistically valid while qualitative research is about collecting and analysing data interpreting what people say or do for instance a questionnaire. The very nature of the dissertation, the different types of information needed in order to achieve the objectives and the resources that are actually available like time implications for instance affects what types of research methods will be used. To gain a wider perspective about sustainable development and about the current recession period, it is always a good idea to do some research within the public, using both primary and secondary research. There are many different types of research that you could do, some of which are quantitative and qualitative approaches. Usually research methods and styles are not mutually exclusive although only one, or a small number of approaches, will normally be adopted due to resource constraints on the work. The different approaches focus on collection and analysis of data rather than examination of theory and literature. Quantitative approaches normally seek to gather factual data, studying relationships between facts and how such facts and relationships accord with theories and the findings and of research carried out previously. Qualitative approaches seek to gain and understand peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceptions, both as individuals and as groups. This research looks at peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s beliefs, understandings, opinions and views etc are investigated. The data is detailed and rich in content because the data gathered may be unstructed, but will be in their raw form. If you do use this method of research you would have to be willing to be highly laborious, involving transcripting interviews etc. The researchers are likely to be closely involved in all stages of the work in a more active way than usually is acceptable in quantitative studies. Features of Qualitative research Features of Quantitative research Difference in respect to: Quantitative Research Qualitative Research The aim is a complete, detailed description. The aim is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. Underpinning philosophy Rationalism: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"That human beings achieve knowledge because of their capacity to reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Bernard, 1994) Empiricism; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" the only knowledge that human beings acquire is from sensory experiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Bernard, 1994) Researcher may only know roughly in advance what he/she is looking for Researcher knows clearly in advance what he/she is looking for. Approach to inquiry Structured/ rigid/ predetermined methodology Unstructured/ flexible/ open methodology Recommended during earlier phases of research projects Recommended during latter phases of research projects Main Purpose of investigation To quantify extent or variation in phenomenon, situation, issues etc. To describe variation in a phenomenon, situation, issue etc. The design emerges as the study unfolds All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected Measurement of variables Emphasis on some form of either measurement or classification of variable. Emphasis on description of variables Researcher is the data gathering instrument Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data Sample Size Emphasis on greater sample size Fewer cases Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects Data is in the form of numbers and statistics. Focus of inquiry Narrows focus in terms of extent of inquiry, but assembles required information from a greater number of respondents Covers multiple issues but assembles required information from fewer respondents Subjective individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interpretation of events is important ,e.g., uses participant observation, in-depth interviews etc. Objective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" seeks precise measurement analysis of target concepts, e.g., uses surveys, questionnaires etc Dominant research value Reliability and objectivity (value-free) Authenticity but does not claim to be value- free Qualitative data is more rich, time consuming, and less able to be generalized.   Quantitative data is more efficient, able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail. Dominant research topic Explains prevalence, incidence, extent, nature of issues, opinions and attitude; discovers regularities and formulates theories Explores experiences, meanings, perceptions and feelings Researcher tends to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter. Researcher tends to remain objectively separated from the subject matter. Analysis of data Subjects variables to frequency distributions, cross-tabulations or other statistical procedures Subjects responses, narratives or observation data to identification of themes and describes these Communication of findings Organisation more analytical in nature, drawing references and conclusions, and testing magnitude and strength of relationship Organisational more descriptive and narrative in nature Figure 2 Table adapted from www.wilderdom.com and Kumar (2005) The features of qualitative and quantitative research methods along with the differences in the two methods can be seen in Figure which has been adapted from www.wilderdom.com and Kumar (2005) The table shows the two different research methods that can be used and their advantages and disadvantages. It shoes the features of both Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. 4.3 Research Design There are several different ways that the research for this project could be undertaken and when looking at the most suitable method. There are three major factors that are the most significant amongst the others that need to be taken into account. They are; Reliability Replication Validity These three factors that have been identified are all issues that could affect the consistency, therefore the reliability of the data for my dissertation 4.4 Approaches to date collection 4.4.1 Interviews Interviews have been described by Kumar (2005) as being person to person interaction with specific purposes. There are two main types of interviews and these can be seen in figure below taken from Kumar (2005, page. 123) Interview Styles Unstructured Structured Flexible interview structure Rigid interview structure Flexible interview contents Rigidy interview, rigid interview contents Flexible interview questions Questions and their wording Figure 3 Diagram showing the two possible interview techniques The advantages and disadvantages of interviews have been identified in the table below. Advantages of Interview Disadvantages of Interview    More appropriate for complex situations Can be expensive and time consuming Interviewing has a wider application Interviewee could be bias Questions can be explained Quality of information may deteriorate Good for in depth information Quality of interviewee may be poor Face to face interaction Quality of data could differ on interaction Figure 4 Advantages and disadvantages of the interview 4.5 Research Proposal Because of my dissertation, and what it is involving, it was not feasible for me to produce any quantitative data as the majority of the general public will have very limited or no information whatsoever about my chosen subject. Therefore my research method was a set of self designed research questions used to gather honest and first hand information, about the effects the recession is having on commercial sustainable construction. The purpose of this interview based approach was to abstract through questions the information needed to answer the research question. Tesch, (1990) defines qualitative research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Intensive study of one individual or a group as an entitiy, through observation, self-reports and any other meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In this case the individual was interviewed alone, yet was also grouped together in order to distinguish any inter related experiences. 4.6 Sampling It is clear that to get the best information possible, a wide range of professionals needs to be used. I therefore opted to use professionals from different backgrounds to interview. The professions in which I used are; Building Surveyor Life Cycle Director Commercial Sector Director Senior Design Manager The reason for selection of the professionals is that hopefully I can gain an insight into the different views on the set of self designed questions that have been prepared for them. I was careful in choosing the professionals in which I did. I wanted to gain the best information possible to obtain the best results for my dissertation. I decided on choosing professionals who are well established in their different fields and have a wide vocabulary of knowledge, and in some cases, have plenty of experience. 4.7 Interview Design I decided in order to gain the best and most accurate information it would be best to have a structure interview. Therefore I would take a set of pre determined questions into the interview and asked to the professionals. The advantages of such a structured interview would be that each and every one of the professionals would be asked the same questions then a better analysis could be gained as their responses are all to the same questions 4.8 Summary The above chapter covers the whole process of collecting data and the means for it to be compiled. 5.0 Data Collection Activities 5.1 Scope of the Chapter This chapter in hand looks at the activities that took place in order for me to successfully collect the data. The data collection activity covers what was completed to collect the resulting information and the processes that have taken place. The following chapter should show the results collected, which be analysed according to the objectives. 5.2 Data Collection The only source of data collection was conducted using structures interviews. The interviews were recording on different days, but in the same week as I deemed it important as it would give me the most accurate information. The professionals all gave a good sample of answers to the questions given to them. The interviewees were of a high professional level and of high standard. 5.3 Interview Results I considered it was important to correctly select the amount of the actual questions I would be asking. This was for the simple reason that it would give me the best and most accurate answers about sustainable commercial buildings, the recession and whether or not they have had an effect on each other. Independant Variables I deemed it necessary to find out the age of the interviewees, the years of experience they have in the necessary feild and more importantly what their profession was. Age of the interviewee Figure 5 shows the age of the participants Amount of experience in current profession Figure 6 shows the amount of experience each interviewee has What profession the participants are in Figure 7 shows the profession of the interviewees 6.0 Data analysis 6.1 Scope of the chapter In this chapter I will critically analyse the results that were compiled from the interviews that were undertaken. The results will assess the impact that the interviews have had upon the research completed, and will compare or contrast findings. The way in which I will be analysing the interviews is by looking at each question, explaining each of the results and from there, I will be analysing them. Question 01 Analysis Do you utilise in-house staff rather than specialist consultants? Results You can see from the transcripts that the interviewees have answered the question, with different opinions. Interviewee 1 and Interviewee 3 both say that they use both in-house and specialist consultants. Interviewee 3 then goes on to say that the main reason they are using in-house staff rather than specialist consultants is that they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“much much cheaperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Interviewee 2 and Interviewee number 5 both have the same sort of answer. They both said that they try to use specialist consultants rather than in-house staff in their companies. Interviewee number 2 explained it was because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contractors are seeing the need for specialist advice that can help them differentiate in a competitive market; to have an edge and make sure they win the tender.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Interviewee number 4 however, said that in his company they try to utilise the in-house staff as much as possible but because the company in which he is employed by is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairly small company compared to the Balfour Beattyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Carillionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and other such companies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Analysis From this question, I have a mixed bag of answers to whether companies use in-house staff or specialist consultants. Because of the varied answers, I believe that some companies are doing better in the recession than other companies and still can afford the specialist consultants. I also believe from the answers that some people believe it is more important to gain the specialist knowledge than it is to use in house staff as they believe using in-house staff hinders your chances of winning a contract when tendering for it so having the best knowledge possible is key. Questions 02: Analysis Has the amount of contractors being tendered to changed since the recessional period started? Results I can see from the transcripts there is a popular answer to this question. Interviewee numbers 3, 4 and 5 all agree that there has been some change in the amount of contractors being tendered too. Interviewee 1 the Senior Design Manager is alone when saying that there has been no change. He explains because Balfour Beatty is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big big companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a local supply chain in every major areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He explains that at Balfour Beatty they use contractors that they have had previous relationships with because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“you get better quality out of themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Interviewee number 2 is also alone with his answer. He states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tender lists are long, but I am not too sure at the moment if this is better or worse than before.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. At the moment, he is unsure as to whether having long tender lists is better or worse than before. He then goes on to state a main problem with long tender lists is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contractors donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to spend money on sustainability advice if they only have a low win probability.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Analysis There is a common answer among the professionals about the amount of contractors being tendered too. The two Building Surveyors and the Life Cycle Director all believed that there has been some change since the recession started. This tells me that the building surveyors definitely believe that there has been a significant change in the amount of contractors being tendered too. The Senior Design Manager (Interviewee 1), whom I believe is the professional with the most experience, is completely alone with his answer. This in my opinion is because he works at one of the largest construction companies in Europe. Although the recession would still have had an effect on Balfour Beatty, I believe they would not nearly be as affected by is as some of the smaller companies in the industry. The Commercial Sector Director (Interviewee 2) doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really give a definitive answer to the question; he just states that the tender lists are long. Question 03: What financial arrangements have been put in place depending on sustainability? Results When asking this question you can see from the transcripts that there was a very popular occurrence of and around the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"BREEAM Excellentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Interviewee numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 all mentioned the word BREEAM. Interviewee 1 said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think if affected by the recession but ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actually probably a very positive time for usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? he also went on to say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if you look at commercial projects whoever is building a commercial project has got to think about their tenant and tenants often look for; is it a sustainable building? So it is actually a marketing tool that we are using now you know to give us an advantage against our opponents so sustainability rather than having to take a back seat is actually at the forefront of a lot of the things we are doingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Interviewee number 5 did not mention anything about BREEAM but mentioned that he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think financial arrangements have changed since the recession and also said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“our company and I know for certain a lot of other companies have tried to build as sustainably as they can with the money they do have.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Analysis There is obviously a very popular trend amongst the professionals with BREEAM targets. Four out of the five interviewees mentioned something about BREEAM, whether it had been BREEAM excellent or the BREEAM qualifications, it was mentioned. By repeatedly getting the same sort of answer to my questions, it is very clear that hitting the necessary BREEAM target is paramount within all of the companies the interviewees worked for. Interviewee 1 says that at Balfour Beatty they use sustainability as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Marketing toolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and also says that recession has had an effect on the construction industry but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actually probably a very positive time for usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. I believe that since the recession hit the construction industry there has been a need for sustainable commercial construction even more than before, so I think the recession could maybe be a good time for sustainable construction? Interviewee 5 did not mention anything about BREEAM excellence or qualifications or anything about BREEAM for that matter. He did however say that his company and others are trying to build as sustainably as they can with the money they have. This also backs Interviewee number 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s argument that the recession is having a positive effect on sustainable commercial construction. Question 04 Has the carbon reduction commitments become an issue when dealing with energy and carbon reduction? Results Between all of the five interviewees there is a very common trend amongst them. The Building Surveyors, Life Cycle Director, Senior Design Manager and the Commercial Sector Director all mention carbon reduction scores. Interviewee 1 talks about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hitting carbon calculatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He then goes on to say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve got to improve the energy efficiency year on yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The Commercial Sector Director (Interviewee 2) said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carbon reduction commitments have only a small financial impact on owners and occupiersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He continues then to say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the reputational risk of having a bad CRC score is seen as unacceptable in a recessional climateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Interviewee 3 states I believe that it has had an effect on companies who own older buildings as a lot of the older building have bad carbon reduction commitment scores therefore it looks pretty bad on them if their buildings are not performing very well.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Analysis You can see from the interview transcripts that the carbon reduction commitments are obviously very very important. Interviewee 1 talks about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hitting carbon calculatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Every company big or small needs to make sure they hit the targets that have been set. Interviewee 1 also says that you have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“got to improve the energy efficiency year on yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Since the recession started, it has made everything that has got to do with the construction industry tighter and on a smaller budget so everything has got to be improved. Interviewee number 2 said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“carbon reduction commitments have only a small financial impact on owners and occupiersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. I think 7.0 Conclusions 7.1 Scope of the Chapter This chapter looks at the research and will assess if the aims and objectives that were set out in the first chapter have been achieved. The conclusion will also investigate the findings and evaluate the limitations and future progressions into the subject 7.2 Conclusion This part will assess whether or not the aims and objectives that were set out in the first chapter have been achieved 7.3 Project Aim To show the audience exactly what a sustainable building is, what the recession is and to investigate whether Sustainable Commercial Construction has been affected by the current Recessional period 7.4 Project Objectives To define the recession To define sustainable construction To determine just how the recession and sustainable construction have been affected by each other. What barriers or influences encourage or deter companies to build Sustainable Commercial Buildings. This chapter will hopefully draw some conclusions from the data analysis and will try to meet the research aims and objectives shown above. Objective 1 To define the recession Within all the research a set definition for a recession has not been found for a number of reasons. The definition of a recession is broad and complex because of all the different factors than can cause a recession. You can ask any Tom, Dick or Harry what a recession is and the high percentage of them will give you the answer to the damages it can cause. They will all reply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"loss of jobsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"plant closuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tough time for familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. All these answers entail what a recession can cause, but not exactly what a recession is. Through the research process it is understood that there is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"standard newspaper definitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and a definition from the Business Cycle Dating Committee (BCDC). The two definitions are not the same, and it is unlikely that an agreed upon definition will be formulated. Maybe the definitions should be not only what a recession is, but also maybe what a recession poses to economy and the danger that lurks from being in a recession. If all this is put together into a definition then maybe a wider number of people will understand it and hopefully realise exactly what a recession is. Objective 2 To define sustainable construction Within all the research a set definition for sustainable construction has also not been found. This can be because there is much confusion associated with sustainable buildings. Research and data from the interviews shows that the most commonly used definition of a sustainable building is that from the Brundtland Report which defines a sustainable building as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Although it is the definition that has been widely accepted, it cannot be viewed as industry accepted or a universally agreed upon definition. Every week, you will see something mentioned in the media about sustainability or sustainable buildings / construction but it is still relatively undefined. To get an industry accepted or universally agreed upon definition, a disciplined group or organization will need to do more research and then they will be able to come up with a definition. Objective 3 To determine just how the recession and sustainable construction have been affected by each other. One of the aims of the research was to determine just how the recession and sustainable construction have been affected by each other. 7.5 Project Aim Conclusion The aim of the project was to investigate whether sustainable commercial construction has been affected by the current recessional period. To some extents the aim has been met. I set out to also try and indicate to the audience exactly what a sustainable building was, and exactly what the recession is along with investigating whether they have had an effect on each other. In conclusion, it can be said the recession has had an effect on the construction industry on a whole. It is apparent through analysing the interviews that the recession has also had an effect on sustainable commercial construction. However, to my surprise it has been a positive effect, with the recession strengthening the need for sustainable commercial buildings. Companies are looking to the future, trying to gage what would make them top dogs and differentiate from competitors when everything picks up again and the answer is sustainable construction, especially in the commercial sector. I may be deemed mad by saying this, but I believe from my research and collection of data, the recession is actually strengthening the need for sustainable commercial construction and it has given it a kick up the backside. 7.6 Limitations This part will look at any limitations that could have affected or influenced the results of my findings. It will look carefully at the objectives and overall study and see whether this could have been improved 7.7 Sample There could be an argument that the sample of professionals interviewed could be deemed as too small. To improve this study, a larger number of interviewees could have been used. 7.8 Research Methodology As my dissertation subject hindered my choice in research, there was nothing in which I could have done to change the method of research. 7.9 Recommendations In hindsight, a greater number of interviewees would be used, and maybe vary the professional field they are currently in. This would strengthen the research collected as a wider view from different professionals in the industry would be gained.

A Very Brief Look at Julius Caesar - 556 Words

Of all the well-known heroes of Ancient Rome, perhaps the most popular is the one and only Gaius Julius Caesar. Why was this Caesar so famous? What did he do? Julius Caesar was a Roman politician, an author, but more importantly a general. In fact, Julius Caesar is known as the most famous general of his time and one of the greatest military commanders in the history of the world. A description of Julius Caesars work in the Gallic Wars, the Roman Civil War, and his legacy will enable one to understand his contribution to Rome. Caesar’s first great challenge was his work in the Gallic Wars. In 58 BCE, Julius Caesar was just elected as a consul of Rome, but he was in deep political debt to other officials, namely Pompey the Great and Marcus Crassus. How was he to come across more money and still climb the ladder of politics? At the time, Caesar had well over 20,000 soldiers and he knew that Gaul, a region to the west of Rome, was growing increasingly unstable. Why not take over and share the wealth? Caesar took 10,000 soldiers and defeated the invading Helvetii tribes on the outskirts of Rome. This launched the start of the Gallic Wars, and the rest of Gaul prepared for battle. These Gallic Wars were the first time Caesar could prove himself an exceptional military leader. Brave Julius Caesar led his armies throughout the three states of Gaul, conquering tribes big and small. In 58 BCE, he conquered the Helvetii and Suebi. Then, in 57 BCE, he conquered the Belgae and Nervii,Show MoreRelatedThe Death of Julius Caesar, a Great Leader1034 Words   |  4 Pages Julius Caesar was a great leader of Rome. Not only did he lead a very strong army, but his people also loved him. The debate is always should he have been killed or should he have lived and lead us to more victories. The first document that was used in the debate is a primary source. It’s called De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius. The document is a biography of Julius Caesar and his life. 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A Novel Perspective Free Essays

When we hear crimes of murder, rape or abduction of women, we usually judge the case relying on the credibility of those involved. In accordance to evidence law, we try to establish credibility of the personalities involved such as the offender, the victim, and the witnesses to see who is telling the truth. However, as trial prevails, relying on credibility sometimes acquits the offender, after presenting enough evidence to destroy the credibility of the victim. We will write a custom essay sample on A Novel Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Oates’ short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going and Where Have You Been? the author presents an example of a crime where the criminal could be easily acquitted based on evidence of the victim’s willful submission to the desires of the offender. However, revealing the hypnotism behind the crime, the author implies a way to judge crimes using a novel perspective. Similar to the process of providing evidence in a trial, the author builds foundation of the case through characterization. She establishes the personality of the main character named Connie. In the introduction, Connie is strongly contrasted with her stereotypical sister, June. She is described as far more independent than the latter, making her a strong and willful character. Based on this, it is easy to think that Connie is partly responsible for whatever she experiences from her abductor, Arnold Friend. In addition, her strolling activities with her friends, not to mention her acquaintances with men, add to the denigration of her character. Her choice to be on her own while her friends go different ways suggests her adventurous nature. Also, her beauty makes it easy for her to attract attention especially from boys. Furthermore, occasions where she displays split personality, â€Å"Everything about her had two sides to it† (408), could emphasize Connie’s inclination to hang out with guys like Arnold Friend. While most aspects of the characterization could lead one to believe that Connie is to be blamed for her fate, the plot of the story, supported by the dialogues, reveals the truth about the crime. The development of the action shows Connie’s resistance to the will of the criminal. During the time Arnold tries to convince Connie to get out of the house, Connie repeatedly dismisses him, telling him that she does not recognize him at all. She even tries to use the phone to ask for help. As employed, the dialogues support the fact that Connie is taken against her will, and that she should not be blamed for the events that follow. Some points leading to the abduction can be established against Arnold Friend. Specifically, Arnold Friend’s age, which is twice that of Connie, shows the man’s sole accountability for the crime. Moreover, considering the fact that they are not of the same age confirms Connie’s dissociation from the man. Other evidences confirm that the crime was perfectly planned by a hard criminal. Specifically, the car, which bears Arnold’s name, is used to show outward identification, thus convincing Connie of his honest intention. Conversely, this could be used by Arnold as evidence of his innocence. It is easy to believe that if he really plans to abduct Connie, Arnold will not put his identification on his car. However, the judge should see the real motives behind the eager display of identity, which are to convince the victim of the abductor’s â€Å"honest intention,† and even to deny later allegations of abduction. Considering the car as evidence, it can be considered that the crime is carefully planned, thus adding degree to the sentence if Arnold gets convicted. Further to the evidences provided, analyzing the crime in view of hypnosis could provide a different angle to the story. The way Connie behaves at the end, as she deliberately follows orders from Arnold, illustrates the latter’s use of hypnosis. Just before her complete submission, Connie attempts to call the police, shut the door, scream out loud, but feels too weak to do so. This weakness can be attributed to the hypnosis that Arnold uses upon her. Particularly, Connie’s cold feeling, and her sudden weakness to even touch the phone’s dial are signs of being under hypnosis. The narrator of the story recounts instances when Connie feels â€Å"a wave of dizziness rise in her †¦Ã¢â‚¬  when she realizes how old Arnold and Ellie are, when she stares at the â€Å"x† sign that Arnold makes, and when she looks at Arnold’s face as Ellie mumbles words from the background music in the car. The final part, where Connie submits to Arnold’s embrace and closes the door of their house shows her fully hypnotized condition. Under hypnosis, Arnold easily convinces her to head into the car and elope with him, as if they two have a special relationship. Thus, to a bystander, this scene would make it look as if Connie really knows the guy, and that she intends to come with him in his car. This evidence, when presented later in court, could convince anyone of Connie’s willful consent, and could thus free the criminal. Revealing the element of hypnosis, the author suggests a novel perspective in judging crimes especially those related to Connie’s case, where the abductor is much older, and is a complete stranger. Showing symptoms of hypnotism, the author provides some insights one may use seeing a similar scenario in real life. There are times when one sees some couples who look strange, for instance, the woman is too young for the man, or the girl looks too submissive or too innocent. Although this thought does not apply to all appearing in this guise, it may be wise to observe if hypnotism is present in such cases. This way, one may help solve the problem of heinous crimes committed against women and children. Further to the symptoms of hypnosis that the author presents, tracing the ways by which hypnosis is employed provides readers some ideas on how one can be placed under hypnosis, and consequently, how one can rid of it. In the story, Arnold employs different means to put Connie under hypnosis. One is through the music he and Ellie play in the car. Notably, the mention of music in the scenes where Arnold sees Connie for the first time and when he is in front of Connie’s house suggests the offender’s use of music to induce hypnosis. As Connie listens to the music, it makes her feel so good, â€Å"like music at a church service† (408) which she could depend upon. Tapping to the tune of music from Ellie’s radio Arnold makes Connie feel disoriented to the things around her. She suddenly diverts attention to different things, like asking Arnold’s age, and becomes more aware of space than before. These behaviors show a significant change in her, thus implying abnormality of her state. In addition to the music, the â€Å"x† sign which Arnold makes in the air is likewise used to hypnotize her. â€Å"After his hand fell back to his side the X was still in the air, almost visible† (415). This illustrates Arnold’s use of hand sign similar to a pendulum during process of hypnosis to intensify Connie’s submission. Afterwards, â€Å"all †¦ things did not come together† (415) for Connie, and she finds it difficut to make sense of things, including the way Arnold talks and taps his finger to the beat of the music. The final part which implies Connie’s hypnotism implies the use of a novel perspective in dealing with crimes in the modern society. As the story shows, putting subjects under hypnosis allows the offender to conduct the crime without force, thus avoiding accountability for it later on. Applying this to reality, people who serve as witnesses to the closeness between the offender and the victim at the time of hypnosis will not shed light to the case because what they see is a mere facade, which happens under the control of the offender. Therefore, only the victims’ recall of what actually happened can help to convict a criminal. Until then, statutory evidence establishing credibility of the accused and the victims will not serve to bring justice. Instead, the use of a novel perspective such as uncovering occurrence of hypnotism proves to be the best way in dealing with crimes. How to cite A Novel Perspective, Papers

Jennifer Seniors “Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness” Sample Essay Example For Students

Jennifer Seniors â€Å"Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness† Sample Essay In Jennifer Seniors. â€Å"Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness. † Senior proposes a inquiry. Can person find how happy you are? Senior starts out by depicting her happiness trial. which she scored a 2. 88 out of 5 on. it was based on her location by nothing codification. faith. matrimonial position. and income. But did this trial really determine Seniors’ felicity. or did it state her what her societal position is? She so continues to speak about the addition of involvement in felicity. which Harvard’s leap in attending in the class about positive psychological science. This have caused an addition in text editions and categories. which was believed to hold showed up in economic sciences foremost. Senior so talks about what is more likely to do you happy. Majority believe if you are more spiritual. in a happy matrimony. younger. drink. are smart. or attractive. you are more likely to be happier. Studies show most of these are false. which goes to demo. you can non compare societal position to degree of felicity. Senior utilizations Phillips as an illustration. who believes felicity is â€Å"the most conformist of moral purposes. † He so goes on to compare the differences in an European novel and a positive psychological science book. which he believes is â€Å"empty of foible and the hard passions. † But believes the European book to be complex and good designed. In decision. Senior compares the new addition of survey in felicity to the so called â€Å"tests† that tell 1s degree of felicity. and how effectual they are.