Organizational Behavior - Interpersonal skills and manegerial roles Term Paper

Organizational Behavior - Interpersonal skills and manegerial roles - Term Paper Example For transformational leadership to take place, leaders must elevate and broaden interests for their employees. It may also occur after acceptance and awareness of purpose and mission for the specific group has been generated. The leaders may also stir his or her employees and look beyond self interests to cater for the group. Mutual capacity and commitment help in leading greater productivity and additional efforts (Lawrence, 2010). The major components of transformational leadership include intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. All of these components play an important part in the work place which is ridden by problems such as employee dissatisfaction, poor performance and low morale. In this case, as the honorable committee is aware of the problems facing the organization. Therefore, it is recommendable that the manager should use his leadership style which can have beneficial impact on the workers by helping them to feel encouraged as they work (Hedrick, 2007). Transformational leadership allows the people in charge to challenge the status quo and allow subordinates to innovate new ideas. This style of leadership does not only identify the problem, but also provides the alternatives which are useful in solving the problem. This is summed under the intellectual stimulation component. This type of leadership is really necessary for an organization as employees express their discomfort with their current supervisor without fear. The major complaint against the supervisor may be that he is too rigid and not ready to change. In fact, such leaders do not like people innovating and even if their effort yielded good results, he wants them to go by the rules of the book. These leads to boredom and employees start to openly criticize the way their immediate supervisor is leading them. In order to

Are the Rights of the Mentally Ill Adequately Protected by Current Essay

Are the Rights of the Mentally Ill Adequately Protected by Current Mental Health Law - Essay Example The Law’s feature Mental Health Law of 2007 amended the MHL 1983, the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The amendments introduced major changes relating to the intervention, treatment of patient, and technical definitions, and some ethical considerations e.g. undergoing treatment without the patient’s consent (MHL, 2011; Department of Health and Ministry of Justice, 2011). Other crucial changes in the provisions broaden the professional roles of medical practitioners and other attendants, as well as, accord the patient’s family to seek legal remedies based on just cause (The National Archives, 2011). The law also introduced supervised community treatment (SCT), some safeguards which include age-segregation of patient to favor mentally-challenged youths and children to ascertain that they’d not be integrated in an environment which could deteriorate or aggravate their condition (MHL, 2011; DoH & MoJ, 2011). The amended law also empowered the national government to assume accountability to assist initiatives for independent mental health advocacy (MHL, 2011; DoH & MoJ, 2011). ... Such meant that those who are severely victimized by sexual assaults and violence which has consequential negative or adverse psychological impacts (MHL, 2011; DoH & MoJ, 2011). MHL of 2007 likewise provided the victim such right to be inform about patients’ discharged and it’s anent right for representation. Law not enough? While the amendment have successfully improved the mental health protection services for the patients by vesting more accountability for all medical professionals, but most of these are policy-based which pressed for mandatory roles of medical practitioners in providing appropriate care and services to clients, as well as, some procedural mechanisms that are supposedly inherent in the medical practice. Such simply focused on escalating performance management in mental health facilities and about administering support service for the patients. The larger issue of mental health care is basically improving resource allocation to improve the facilities to meet the goals of better mental health care in these utilities’ operation in response to the problems on mental disorders in all social strata, especially those underprivileged to access these health facilities. While there is effort to improve the intervention on neurological disorders, there remained a challenge about how to increase the services to treat schizophrenia, epilepsy, chronic depression amid scarcity of resources. Such must also facilitate increase research studies on causes of mental disorder that are socially-created which result to mental distress and insanity. These studies must aim to address decrease of disorder prevalence. Thus, it is understandable that authorities should be translating these policies into concrete agenda with

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a) Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable ‘a’ represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable ‘b’ then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =√S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as –3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis â€Å"The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis â€Å" The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content†. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquito’s bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mort

Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel :: essays papers

Like Water for Chocolate Some stories are meant for movies, but then again, there are times when I wish some stories remained stories, unless we had a French film director do them. Laura Ezquivel' s novel is a treat. It stays with you as a fine dessert, or a fine food, and she knows it so well, and revels in it. In the film version, this gets lost because it cannot translate. The twelve recipes for each month get reduced to an occasional side story. In the novel, it is the food that brings about the results, and Tita has learned to make the most of the secrets of the culinary delights. The movie couldn't possibly show us how Tita and her mentor ever decided the reasons why such and such a dish were done for whatever occasion. This loss reduces the richness of the story into a film that is missing a third dimension, but never the less, it is still good. Sometimes the food is sad.... the whole table has a tremendous cry upon eating such a magnificent dessert. Other times the food is so hot that the older sister has to leave to cool off, which is not enough even after a cold shower. And trot off she does in the hands of a military opposite to what the mother stands for. Tita's revenge is working. I, personally, love the writing of Laura Ezquivel, much better than I do the movie version. But I think that much of this problem may have been because I saw a version that was DUBBED and the voices were repetitive, unemotional, and so glaringly bland, that it ruined what looks like a good film. It also appears to have taken away the food part of the whole story, which is as tasty as anything else.... it matches the desires in all the film, but then, that must have not been the reason to make a film, or to distribute it to other nations. Superb performances, if you can get by the lousy translations and often screwy sub-titles. Read the novel first, and then watch the film without the voices. But a great novel, nonetheless... see it and read it afterwards.More and more I see less and less in American releases ... the fineness and rhythm of language are just not there . Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel :: essays papers Like Water for Chocolate Some stories are meant for movies, but then again, there are times when I wish some stories remained stories, unless we had a French film director do them. Laura Ezquivel' s novel is a treat. It stays with you as a fine dessert, or a fine food, and she knows it so well, and revels in it. In the film version, this gets lost because it cannot translate. The twelve recipes for each month get reduced to an occasional side story. In the novel, it is the food that brings about the results, and Tita has learned to make the most of the secrets of the culinary delights. The movie couldn't possibly show us how Tita and her mentor ever decided the reasons why such and such a dish were done for whatever occasion. This loss reduces the richness of the story into a film that is missing a third dimension, but never the less, it is still good. Sometimes the food is sad.... the whole table has a tremendous cry upon eating such a magnificent dessert. Other times the food is so hot that the older sister has to leave to cool off, which is not enough even after a cold shower. And trot off she does in the hands of a military opposite to what the mother stands for. Tita's revenge is working. I, personally, love the writing of Laura Ezquivel, much better than I do the movie version. But I think that much of this problem may have been because I saw a version that was DUBBED and the voices were repetitive, unemotional, and so glaringly bland, that it ruined what looks like a good film. It also appears to have taken away the food part of the whole story, which is as tasty as anything else.... it matches the desires in all the film, but then, that must have not been the reason to make a film, or to distribute it to other nations. Superb performances, if you can get by the lousy translations and often screwy sub-titles. Read the novel first, and then watch the film without the voices. But a great novel, nonetheless... see it and read it afterwards.More and more I see less and less in American releases ... the fineness and rhythm of language are just not there .

Discuss the various ways which Robert Swindells presents life in ‘The streets of London’ Essay

â€Å"I’m invisible see? One of the invisible people.† Link, a young 16 year old boy from Bradford who is homeless, desperate to escape his Brutish stepfather feels that he has become an invisible outcast. Another quotation to support this is when Link says, â€Å"They don’t like reminding I exist.† Link says this to show the reader that he is worthless uses this type of language to make the reader more aware of how difficult it is to live on the streets of London. Link’s character in the book also emphasises a feeling of coldness. An example of this is shown when link says, â€Å"Also I kept seeing people I knew Neighbours. Guys I’d even been at school with. I even saw one of my teachers once. And if you have ever been caught begging by someone who you knew before, you can’t possibly know how low it makes you feel† This also makes the reader think that Link has a very lo self esteem and is very depressed. Another quotation to support this is when Link says, â€Å"I was one of them now – poised at the top of that downward spiral†. Kink says this making the reader understand how hard it is to be living on the streets. Shelter, the less predominant character in the novel, who is trying to rid the streets of homeless people uses subject specific Lexis to show the reader that he has a background in the army or has worked for the army. This is shown to the reader as Shelter always starts his chapters with, â€Å"Daily routine orders†. Link uses sarcasm to emphasise a point, for example, â€Å"Good old Vince†. After Describing Vince as a Brutish, evil stepfather who is a boozer and a bastard, Link says, â€Å"Good old Vince†. The author, Robert Swindells uses this to create an irony. At the beginning of page three Link mentions, â€Å"Born March 20th 1977†¦ to Mr & Mrs X†. Link says this to show the reader that he has forgotten the past and wants to get on with life. The main quotation to support and emphasise this is, â€Å"Mr & Mrs X†. Another statement to support this is when Link says, â€Å"I strode out of the station with my backpack and bedroll, and it felt like a new beginning†. This also shows the reader that link was positive life would improve from what it was with Vince. Another quotation to support this is â€Å"Nobody knows you. Where you’re from and what’s gone before. That’s you’re business†. One other quotation to support this is when Link chooses the name to give to Ginger he says, â€Å"‘Link’ I said. I’d seen it on this signpost earlier. Thames – Link. It’s a railway.† Robert Swindells also uses various techniques to make living on the streets look very hard and scary. The reader is informed of this when Link says, â€Å"Sad is what it is, Sad and scary. You’re leaving a place you know and heading into the unknown with nothing to protect you. This also informs the reader that this novel appears to be tragedy in many respects. Link feels very depressed after applying for many jobs in London and not getting any because he was homeless and was looking rough and scruffy, also looking like a tramp because of sleeping in the same clothes on the solid concrete floor. When Link started living on the streets of London he thought he was a hard boy who everyone would be terrified of after hitting an old bloke but his hopes were soon dashed after he was kicked out of his ‘bedroom’ by the streetwise, tough person he wanted to be. An example of this is shown to us when Link mentions, â€Å"this guy was what I was kidding myself I’d become†. Robert Swindells uses Shelters storyline as a very good way in which to present living on the streets of London. As Shelter goes around London looking for young and old people, whenever Shelter says, â€Å"Hostel† he always manages to get them to his house so that he can kill them. This shows the reader that homeless people are desperate for somewhere comfortable to sleep at. An example of this is when Shelter gets his first client, â€Å"That got him ‘hostel’†¦he fell for it hook line and sinker†. On page twenty-one Shelter also says, â€Å"I am not a murderer at all – I’m a Soldier out of uniform, killing for his country.† After killing a homeless person shelter mentions to the reader that he is not a murderer but a soldier killing for his country. This statement is not true as Shelter has murdered people who have done nothing to him and his country. Shelter thinks he is doing a good thing and is particularly careful about every step he takes. The author, Robert Swindells uses this to create an irony. As the reader gets deeper and deeper into the book, they start to grasp knowledge of Shelters storyline and start to know the feeling of how it is to be homeless and the different setbacks and failures it may have. The reader also learns not to stereotype homeless people.

Boolean Algebra

Basic Engineering Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates F Hamer, M Lavelle & D McMullan The aim of this document is to provide a short, self assessment programme for students who wish to understand the basic techniques of logic gates. c 2005 Email: chamer, mlavelle, [email  protected] ac. uk Last Revision Date: August 31, 2006 Version 1. 0 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Logic Gates (Introduction) Truth Tables Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra Final Quiz Solutions to Exercises Solutions to QuizzesThe full range of these packages and some instructions, should they be required, can be obtained from our web page Mathematics Support Materials. Section 1: Logic Gates (Introduction) 3 1. Logic Gates (Introduction) The package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra set out the basic principles of logic. Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with an electronic circuit in which the inputs and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be com plex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. y AND gate x ·y x y OR gate x+y x NOT gate x In the case of logic gates, a di? erent notation is used: x ? y, the logical AND operation, is replaced by x  · y, or xy. x ? y, the logical OR operation, is replaced by x + y.  ¬x, the logical NEGATION operation, is replaced by x or x. The truth value TRUE is written as 1 (and corresponds to a high voltage), and FALSE is written as 0 (low voltage). Section 2: Truth Tables 4 2. Truth Tables x y x ·y x 0 0 1 1 Summary y x ·y 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 of AND gate x 0 0 1 1 Summary y x+y 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 of OR gate x y x+y x x 0 1 Summary of x 1 0 NOT gate Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 5 3. Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra The basic rules for simplifying and combining logic gates are called Boolean algebra in honour of George Boole (1815 – 1864) who was a self-educated English mathematician who developed many of t he key ideas. The following set of exercises will allow you to rediscover the basic rules: x Example 1 1 Consider the AND gate where one of the inputs is 1. By using the truth table, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x  · 1.Solution From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then 1  · 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0  · 1 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · 1 = x, i. e. , x x 1 Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 6 Example 2 x 0 Consider the AND gate where one of the inputs is 0. By using the truth table, investigate the possible outputs and hence simplify the expression x  · 0. Solution From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then 1  · 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then 0  · 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · 0 = 0 x 0 0Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 7 Exercise 1. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions x (a) x + 0 which corresponds to the logic gate 0 (b) x + 1 which corresponds to the logic gate x 1 Exercise 2. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions: x (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate (b) x  · x which corresponds to the logic gate x Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 8 Exercise 3. Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Obtain the rules for simplifying the logical expressions: (a) x + x which corresponds to the logic gate x (b) x  · x which corresponds to the logic gate x Quiz Simplify the logical expression (x ) represented by the following circuit diagram. x (a) x (b) x (c) 1 (d) 0 Section 3: Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra 9 Exercise 4. (Click on the green letters for the solutions. ) Investigate the relationship between the following circuits. Summarise your conclusions using Boolean expressions for the circuits. x y x y (a) (b) x y x yThe important relations developed in the above exer cise are called De Morgan’s theorems and are widely used in simplifying circuits. These correspond to rules (8a) and (8b) in the table of Boolean identities on the next page. Section 4: Boolean Algebra 10 4. Boolean Algebra (1a) x ·y = y ·x (1b) x+y = y+x (2a) x  · (y  · z) = (x  · y)  · z (2b) x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z (3a) x  · (y + z) = (x  · y) + (x  · z) (3b) x + (y  · z) = (x + y)  · (x + z) (4a) x ·x = x (4b) x+x = x (5a) x  · (x + y) = x (5b) x + (x  · y) = x (6a) x ·x = 0 (6b) x+x = 1 (7) (x ) = x (8a) (x  · y) = x + y (8b) (x + y) = x  · ySection 4: Boolean Algebra 11 These rules are a direct translation into the notation of logic gates of the rules derived in the package Truth Tables and Boolean Algebra. We have seen that they can all be checked by investigating the corresponding truth tables. Alternatively, some of these rules can be derived from simpler identities derived in this package. Example 3 Show how rule (5a) can be deriv ed from the basic identities derived earlier. Solution x  · (x + y) = = = = = x  · x + x  · y using (3a) x + x  · y using (4a) x  · (1 + y) using (3a) x  · 1 using Exercise 1 x as required. Exercise 5. Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show how rule (5b) can be derived in a similar fashion. Section 4: Boolean Algebra 12 The examples above have all involved at most two inputs. However, logic gates can be put together to join an arbitrary number of inputs. The Boolean algebra rules of the table are essential to understand when these circuits are equivalent and how they may be simpli? ed. Example 4 Let us consider the circuits which combine three inputs via AND gates. Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z x  · (y  · z) (x  · y)  · z Section 4: Boolean Algebra 13However, rule (2a) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of taking AND gates is not important. This is sometimes drawn as a three (or more! ) input AND gate x y z x ·y ·z but really this just means repeated use of AND gates as shown above. Exercise 6. (Click on the green letter for the solution. ) (a) Show two di? erent ways of combining three inputs via OR gates and explain why they are equivalent. This equivalence is summarised as a three (or more! ) input OR gate x y z x+y+z this just means repeated use of OR gates as shown in the exercise. Section 5: Final Quiz 14 5. Final Quiz Begin Quiz 1.Select the Boolean expression that is not equivalent to x  · x + x  · x (a) x  · (x + x ) (b) (x + x )  · x (c) x (d) x 2. Select the expression which is equivalent to x  · y + x  · y  · z (a) x  · y (b) x  · z (c) y  · z (d) x  · y  · z 3. Select the expression which is equivalent to (x + y)  · (x + y ) (a) y (b) y (c) x (d) x 4. Select the expression that is not equivalent to x  · (x + y) + y (a) x  · x + y  · (1 + x) (b) 0 + x  · y + y (c) x  · y (d) y End Quiz Solutions to Exercises 15 Solutions to Exercise s Exercise 1(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 0 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x + 0 = x x 0 Click on the green square to return x Solutions to Exercises 16 Exercise 1(b) From the truth table for OR we see that if x is 1 then 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then 0 + 1 = 1. This can be summarised in the rule that x + 1 = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return 1 Solutions to Exercises 17 Exercise 2(a) From the truth table for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x + x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 18Exercise 2(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x  · x = 1  · 1 = 1, while if x is 0 then x  · x = 0  · 0 = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that x  · x = x x x Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 19 Exercise 3(a) From the truth t able for OR, we see that if x is 1 then x + x = 1 + 0 = 1, while if x is 0 then x + x = 0 + 1 = 1. This can be summarised in the rule that x + x = 1 x 1 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 20 Exercise 3(b) From the truth table for AND, we see that if x is 1 then x  · x = 1  · 0 = 0, while if x is 0 then x  · x = 0  · 1 = 0.This can be summarised in the rule that x  · x = 0 x 0 Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 21 Exercise 4(a) The truth tables are: x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x+y 0 1 1 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x + y) 1 0 0 0 x  ·y 1 0 0 0 x y From these we deduce the identity x y (x + y) = x y x  ·y Click on the green square to return Solutions to Exercises 22 Exercise 4(b) The truth tables are: x y x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x y 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 x ·y 0 0 0 1 x 1 1 0 0 y 1 0 1 0 (x  · y) 1 1 1 0 x +y 1 1 1 0 x y From these we deduce the identity x y (x  · y) = x y x +y Click on the green square to returnSoluti ons to Exercises 23 Exercise 5(a) x+x ·y = x  · (1 + y) using (3a) = x  · 1 using Exercise 1 = x as required. Solutions to Exercises 24 Exercise 6(a) Two di? erent ways of combining them are x y z and x y z However, rule (2b) states that these gates are equivalent. The order of taking OR gates is not important. x + (y + z) (x + y) + z Solutions to Quizzes 25 Solutions to Quizzes Solution to Quiz: From the truth table for NOT we see that if x is 1 then (x ) = (1 ) = (0) = 1, while if x is 0 then (x ) = (0 ) = (1) = 0. This can be summarised in the rule that (x ) = x x x End Quiz Test: â€Å"Study Guide Algebra†