Stalin and the Korean War

Stalin and the Korean War To what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)? Introduction The Korean War is often referred to as a battle between communism and capitalism. It succeeded the end of the forty-year Japanese occupation of Korea. When Japan fell during the Second World War, Korea was free, and hoped to finally decide the fate of their own country. In the years following, both radical and nationalist groups became apparent, aiming for independence, however these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1] The majority of Koreans fought for a unified state.[2] The United States and the Soviet Union, however, had alternative thoughts. The President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, wanted to stop Russia gathering anymore territory[3], therefore the United States countered by encouraging the establishment of democracy.[4] At the Potsdam Conference, in Germany, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel between the North and the South. The thought was that South Korea would be capitalist and North Korea would be communist. The Republic of Korea (ROK) was se t-up in the South and led by Syngman Rhee who was undemocratic and anti-communist but was recognized as the sole legal government of Korea.[5] The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) was set-up in the North and led by communist Kim Il-Sung. There was hope that one day the unification of Korea would commence.[6] The Korean War is one that killed over 2.5 million people.[7] The conditions of the Korean war were inconsistent; Korea is a country with freezing snowy winters and boiling hot summers, which made conflict extremely difficult on both sides. The war began at 4:30 AM on June 25, 1950 and lasted for three straight years, the bipolar weather conditions meant that the soldiers were constantly fighting disease, malnutrition and frostbite.[8] Dean Acheson (1893-1971), the U.S. Secretary of State, once said that â€Å"if the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war, the unanimous choice would have been Korea.†[9] The failure to unite Korea after WWII was an important factor in the beginning of the Korean War. In 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Harry Truman, and, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, gathered in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2. It was agreed to temporarily divide Korea and accept joint responsibility for reinstating Japanese forces. They decided upon an essentially arbitrary line which was the 38th Parallel which was to be used as a division between the North and South. The 38th Parallel is a circle of latitude which is 38 degrees north of the equator, it happened to roughly divided Korea in the middle, therefore was chosen to divide the two Koreas. The Role of Stalin When Kim voiced his frustration that his bid for reunification remained heavy on his mind, he reached out to both Joseph Stalin (the leader of the Soviet Union) and Mao Zedong (the chairman of the communist party of China). The definite reason for Stalin giving Kim permission to invade South is uncertain to this day. Either the victory of Communist China, or the Soviets gain of the atomic bomb could have led to Stalin’s decision being made.[10] One of Stalin’s main aims was to avoid conflict with the United States, he did this in many ways, one of which was denying Kim’s strategies for the war. The withdrawal of American troops from South Korea were significant, however, Stalin was under the impression that a harsh military campaign wouldn’t go unanswered, therefore he decided against refutation in the moment[11]. Stalin had promised both cultural and economic aid to North Korea, during a meeting between Stalin, Kim, and representatives from both governmen ts, on March 5, 1949. Regarding military operations across the 38th parallel, Stalin was not yet prepared to support Kim’s political and strategic objectives of reunification.[12] Stalin brought Kim to Moscow to ensure that Korea did not fall under the influence of the new People’s Republic of China (PRC).[13] According to Stalin’s interpreter, in the Spring of 1949, in the course of a meeting between Kim and Stalin, â€Å"Kim complained that ‘†¦the southerners are making trouble all the time. They are violating the border; there are continuous small clashes.’ Stalin became gloomy; ‘What are you talking about? Are you short of arms? We shall give them to you. You must strike the southerners in the teeth.’ After thinking for a while, he repeated, ‘Strike them, strike them.’†[14] This extract from the meeting reinforces the point that Stalin was providing North Korea with weapons and supplies, which demonstrates t hat the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the help from Stalin and The Soviet Union. Stalin decided that he needed to bring Korea into the Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviets wanted to expand the sphere of communist influence into Korea, this was because Stalin and the Soviet Union wanted to be surrounded by communist countries as a layer of protection for Russia and so if the threat of invasion or war occurred they would have support around them. Stalin was afraid that Mao was considering opening China to capitalist influence; therefore, he decided that he could not allow North Korea to do the same.[15] Throughout the spring and summer of 1949 that Kim was making significant strides to increase the potency of the KPA (Korean people’s army). Stalin was essentially only interested in how the Korean War would affect his relations with the United States[16]. On September 3rd, 1949, Kim sought permission from Stalin and the Soviet Union to commence military operations against the south.[17] Kim most likely believed that Korea would be next in line for the Asian communist movements; thus in early 1950, Kim renewed his requests for military reunification with Stalin[18]. In January 1950, the first Soviet Ambassador to North Korea, Terentii Shtykov, feared that Kim was looking to move forward toward reunification without approval from Stalin, so he sent a telegram with a forlorn warning: â€Å"Kim Il-sung is constantly nurturing his idea about an attack.†[19] In 1950 Stalin eventually began to support the plans for a war as at this point he was more hopeful about winning. The Communist victory in China and the development of the USSRs first atomic bomb persuaded Stalin to act and help North Korea. The USSR was using the Korean war as a proxy war, a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. The Role of Truman   Ã‚   At the Council of Foreign Ministers Moscow Conference, in December 1945, the USA and the Soviet Union agreed to create a temporary government in Korea that would lead to independence[20]. However, independence was never achieved and the Cold War developed individuals of higher power who became less willing to co-operate. Separate governments emerged on both sides of Korea. Both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee fought the Japanese during the occupation and wanted to end the division of Korea, however they had different ideas for how to do so. The failure of uniting the two Koreas led to the permanent governments of Korea. The USA was also using the Korean War as a proxy war. The Americans enforced the idea of containment, a foreign policy used to contain the spread of communism. The US was fearful that if a united Korea became communist if would lead to a ‘domino effect’ and the spread of communism around the world would occur[21]. Truman feared that the next ‘dominoâ⠂¬â„¢ would be Japan[22]. The possible reaction from Stalin had to be taken into consideration if the U.S. did involve themselves in the Korean War. On a similar note, the Truman administration was concerned of the possible expansion of the Korean War into a larger war taking place over Europe.[23] Nevertheless, it was clear that there was little indication that the United States or even the United Nations could shy from the war.[24] It is thought that the US and UN feared what would happen if North Korea won the war and subsequently Kim Il-Sung came to power, with the support of Stalinist regime and the Soviet Union. President Truman believed if the aggression from North Korea went unnoticed, it would encourage Communist aggression elsewhere.[25] The UN Security Council accepted the abuse of force to aid the South Koreans. This is noteworthy because Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) is one of the permanent seats upon the UN council, however, interestingly, the Soviet Union did not oppose the use of force against North Korea, even though the Soviet Union were responsible for sending troops and supplies into the war. This demonstrates that the Soviet Union were confident in the ability of their troops, so confident that in fact they did not fear the force that would be against them. The Truman administration, however, continued to restrict themselves from sending soldiers because according to their advisors, North Koreans could be stopped by purely both naval and air power. Subsequently, immediately upon hearing this news, the U.S. began utilizing whatever air and naval forces that they could, to help with the war.[26] Following China’s input into the Korean War, General MacArthur landed two divisions 150 miles in the South Korean port of Inchon. Following a seize of communication between them and the US, the North Koreans are reported to have fled North, escaping[27]. â€Å"If we let Korea down,† Truman said, â€Å"the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another.†[28] General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of staff of the United States Army, believed that only a total victory was an acceptable outcome for the US. President Truman disagreed but MacArthur was adamant.[29] The Role of Mao Unlike America, China decided to take a passive response during the initial stage of the Korean War.[30] The People’s Republic of China, in October 1950, was only one year old. The Beijing regime was already facing difficult tasks of economic reconstruction and regime consolidation.[31] Therefore it was predicted that China would have little to no interference in the Korean War. There is some evidence that suggests that there was an exchange of views between Kim, Mao Zedong and Stalin on the North’s plan of military invasion.[32] However, besides giving Kim moral support, only material support was provided by China at beginning of the war. They sent approximately 14,000 Korean Chinese soldiers who were then serving in the Peoples Liberation Army back to Korea.[33] Mao’s reasons for supporting North Koreas invasion of the South are often debated. Some believe that Mao was an unwilling participant in the war due to the concerns about the effect it would have on China[34]. Mao feared that if he supported North Korea it would have a negative impact on China as it could trigger an invasion from America, due to their aid for the South. Some others further argue that Mao was in some way manipulated or compelled into sending troops to North Korea by Stalin and Kim-Il-Sung.[35] On June 27, President Truman revealed that America was supplying South Korea with air and naval support, which lead to the Chinese leaders reassessing American intentions towards China and redeploy some of its troops to the Northern border.  [36] Mao asked if Stalin would send air support to North Korea and he would send troops. Stalin decided against sending air support. Mao, after a substantial amount of thought, sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950, even though he was currently dealing with a difficult military situation himself[37]. This fundamentally changed the relationship between China and the Soviet Union forever. Barely 12 days after the Chinese troops had enrolled in the war, Stalin soon declared that the Soviet Air Force could provide air cover, and aid to China[38], due to North Korean assistance from China. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which was signed in February 1950, mentioned that ‘all-out’ support would be supplied by the Soviet Union if China was entangled in any military conflict with the ‘imperialist countries’.[39] This treaty ensured that if China intervened in the Korean War, there would be less of a threat from an American invasion because of the support from Stalin and the Soviets. The security treaty therefore significantly decreased the possibility of an American invasion. The Communist China Party (CCP) had a Marxist-Leninism ideology that greatly influenced the decisions of senior members, especially Mao[40]. Presumably, it was this ideology that lead them to assist North Korea in the war, because turning the whole of Korea into a communist country would be not only be beneficial to Russia and the Soviet Union, it would also benefit Mao and the CCP. The Role of Kim Il-Sung In September 1948, the North founded the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK), founded by Kim Il Sung, recognized as the communist side. Kim Il Sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948-71. Kim was born born to Kim HyÃ… ng-jik and Kang Pan-sÃ… k. They originally bestowed upon him the name of Kim SÃ… ng-ju, however, he later changed his name to Kim Il-Sung. Unsurprisingly, the Kim family, like an abundance of Korean families, were opposed to the Japanese occupation of the Korea, which began on 29 August 1910.[41] Kims parents, especially Kims mother, is said to have played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[42] This is suggested to be where Kim Il-Sung’s anti-imperialism attitude originates. In October 1926 Kim founded the Down-With-Imperialism Union[43], in order to fight against Japanese imperialism and to promote Marxism-Leninism[44]. As previously mentioned, both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee wanted to reunify Korea on their own terms, however neither side could unify Korea on their own due to lack of strength and supplies. Kim understood that his goals of reunification would require help from another communist’s patron, namely the Soviet Union or China. This suggests that Kim knew he didn’t have the army or the weapons that he needed to begin the war himself, he knew he needed support from elsewhere. With this growth of the North Korean army in mind, Kim renewed his request to unify Korea with Stalin. One likely reason that Kim renewed his efforts at this time was that since June 29, 1949, the American military had withdrawn troops from South Korea.[45] Kim was convinced that the U.S. would not enter the Korean War, or even if they did enter the war, they would not hold sway over the destiny of the war.[46] Kim had little concern if the South had the support of the US as he doubted the impact of their influence. Stalin ultimately contemplated the request from Kim to begin the war for approximately a year, even though he did say ‘no’ several times, he did eventually approve the proposal.[47] Conclusion The role of individuals in the causes of the Korean War are essentially insignificant. Ultimately, the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the division of Korea, after the Japanese occupation, decided at the Potsdam conference. But this decision wasn’t made by one person, it was made by the three super powers, Stalin, Churchill and Truman. But then, the war also wouldn’t have occurred if Stalin and the Soviets hadn’t appointed Kim Il-Sung as the leader of the north as he was the one who thought of invading to conquer the south. Mao was influenced by Stalin to participate in the war, therefore China’s input was down to Stalin. Stalin’s influence was powerful as Kim didn’t have the army, weapons or supplies to be at war for 3 years. This proves that it wasn’t just the work of one influence, these put together influenced the beginning of the Korean War. To answer the question of â€Å"to what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)?†, Stalin had an obviously large impact on the initiation of the Korean War. It can, however, be concluded that the Korean War was a combination of civil and international conflicts. Bibliography Buzo, A., 2002. The Making of Modern Korea. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. [ONLINE] Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-korean-war-causes-and-effects.html. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. History.com Staff. 2009. Korean War. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. 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MAO’S ROLE IN THE KOREAN CONFLICT: A REVISION. 1st ed. United States: Routledge, Twentieth Century China [36] Chen, J., 1994. China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. 1st ed. United States: Columbia University Press. [37] Zhihua Shen. 2010. China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402391003590291?journalCode=fjss20. [Accessed 2 March 2018]. [38] Zhihua Shen. 2010. China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402391003590291?journalCode=fjss20. [Accessed 2 March 2018]. [39] Chen, J., 1994. Chinas Road to the Korean War. 1st ed. United States: Columbia University Press. [40] Christensen, T., 1992. Threats, Assurances, and the Last Chance for Peace: The Lessons of Mao’s Korean War Telegrams. 1st ed. United States: International Security. [41] Bong, B., 1973. Kim Il Sung: Biography [I]From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland. 1st ed. Japan: Miraisha. [42] Bong, B., 1973. Kim Il Sung: Biography [I]From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland. 1st ed. Japan: Miraisha. [43] Lydia Smith. 2014. Kim Il-sung Death Anniversary: How the North Korea Founder Created a Cult of Personality. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kim-il-sung-death-anniversary-how-north-korea-founder-became-cult-personality-1455758. [Accessed 21 February 2018]. [44] Official webpage of the DPR of Korea. 2011. Songun Politics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.korea-dpr.com/songun.html. [Accessed 21 February 2018]. [45] Korea Institute of Military History, 2000. The Korean War: Volume 1. 1st ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. [46] Goncharov, S., Lewis, J., Xue, L., 1993. Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War. 1st ed. United States: Stanford University Press. [47] Ex-Patt Magazine of Foreign Affairs. 2015. The Decision to Invade: Stalin in 1950. [ONLINE] Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=ex-patt. [Accessed 18 January 2018].

Charles Dickens create his characters Essay

Charles Dickens is a great writer who has been successful throughout his life. He has written many novels for all age groups which consist of ‘Great Expectations’ (1860-61) and ‘Hard Times’. Dickens techniques of writing were much noticed by readers, especially his ways of creating characters. There are a number of ways to how dickens would create his characters, he places them in revealing or appropriate settings and describes their physical appearance. He also, allows them to speak so that we hear their vocabulary and tone of voice. His characters actions and movements are well described because he shows how other characters react to them. To understand dickens techniques more clearly, I will be investigating two characters, Abel Magwitch of ‘Great Expectations’ and Thomas Gradgrind of ‘Hard Times’. ‘Great Expectations’ is about a young orphan named Philip Pirrip, known as Pip. The novel has been set in the Kent Marshes. Pip lives with his shrewish sister and her husband, the simply, kindly, blacksmith Joe Gargery. Chapter one of this novel opens in the country churchyard where Pip is terrified by the appearance of Magwitch, an escaped prison convict who threatens him with awful vengeance unless some food and file for his fetters are obtained smartly. Pip manages to hide some of his own supper, steals more food from the pantry, and after an encounter with a different younger convict, he finds the original one and leaves him filing off his irons. The setting of ‘Great Expectations’ is in the Kent Marshes. Pips first meeting with Magwitch was in the nearby churchyard. â€Å"At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard†. Dickens uses the adjective ‘bleak’ which also means ‘bare’ and ‘dreary’ this suggests that the churchyard is a place that doesn’t get many visitors. Also ‘overgrown with nettles’ implies to us that the churchyard isn’t cared for, it contains sharp and unpleasant plants which doesn’t attract visitors. Therefore, we can understand why Magwitch chose to hideout at the churchyard, it is a good place for a convict to hide. Dickens also uses the adjective ‘raw’ which also supports the idea of an unattractive churchyard. The synonyms for the word raw are chilly and damp; these two words strongly describe the churchyard as an isolated area. ‘Raw’ is a harsh and cold word. The reader may also consider the churchyard as a boring and timid place because dickens has used ‘low leaden line of river’. This describes the river as a heavy, dark and foreboding line cutting across the churchyard. Dickens has deliberately described the churchyard as a boring place with these negative adjectives in order to make the reader believe that it has no visitors. Once again this implies that the churchyard is a good hideout for Magwitch. By now, it is noticeable that the setting in ‘Great Expectations’ reflects Magwitch’s character because Dickens also describes the churchyard ‘with scattered cattle’ which suggests an unpleasant place that is not taken care of very much. The term ‘savage lair from which the wind was rushing’ is a metaphor which is an implicit comparison. It is the application of a word or phrase to somebody or something that is not meant literally, but to make a comparison. The same way, this metaphor brings the wind out to life and impersonates it as a wild animal by using the noun ‘lair’. A ‘lair’ is a den or hiding place where predators would hide from preys, this relates back to Magwitch whom is hiding just like a predator and preys out to poor little orphan Pip. Dickens creates a negative impression of Magwitch by the way he describes him because he uses terms such as ‘A man’. Straight away this puts a mysterious thought to the readers mind. At this point the reader is busy building up an image of Magwitch in their minds. Dickens also describes Magwitch in ‘coarse grey’ uniform, this gives the reader a full image in their minds of Magwitch as a prison convict, which builds up the negative impression. The adjective ‘coarse’ is a synonym for ‘rough’ and ‘harsh’ which allows the reader to consider Magwitch as an untidy and messy person. In order to make it sound more obvious that Magwitch is an escaped convict Dickens uses terms such as ‘iron on legs’. This suggests to us that Magwitch has shackles on his legs which bring the reader to certainty that Magwitch is an escaped convict. He is a bad man; Dickens has also mentioned that Magwitch is not wearing a hat. This implies that Magwitch is no gentleman, he is not well bred and he doesn’t have a decent background. Dickens describes Magwitch through a list of injuries he faces. ‘soaked in water’, ‘smothered in mud’, ‘lamed by stones’, ‘cut by flints’, ‘stung by nettles’ and ‘torn by briars’. Dickens has listed all these injuries to show how Magwitch has been through a lot. He has travelled tough which suggests that he was very determined to get out of prison. It also suggests that Magwitch is a strong and fearful man who is able to resist a lot, he is a frightening man. â€Å"Old rag tied around his head†. From this we can understand that Magwitch is trying to hide his injury or as a disguise. We can understand that Dickens has done a clever job with creating a negative impression of Magwitch. Dickens has deliberately used the name Magwitch which also creates a negative impression because it contains the word ‘witch’. This symbolises ‘evil’ and ‘fear’. Dickens has used exclamation marks to illustrate shouting. â€Å"Tell us your name! Said the man†. From this technique we can understand that Magwitch was a very temperamental and violent man. â€Å"Pint out the place†, this suggests that his accent is also different. Dialect has been used which is when a characters speech is often grammatically incorrect. In Magwitch’s case, his use of dialect suggests to us that he has lack of education. We can understand that he may have been on the prison ship for a long time. Magwitch is also very violent as he speaks. He threatens Pip in a way to show readers that he is the villain of this novel. Also, we can realise that Dickens has made Magwitch’s speech short with shuddering sentences. This implies that Magwitch is afraid of being caught; he is shortening his sentence to hurry up the conversation and get back into hiding. Dickens has also used imperatives, â€Å"You get me a file†. Imperatives are performed by a character to give orders; they are used to express a command or request. Magwitch has used his power advantage. Dickens has also used strong language which reflects Magwitch’s character once again, ‘uncouth and coarse’. Magwitch’s actions are very violent and threatening. While threatening little Pip he tends to keep looking over his shoulder. This implies that he is nervous and afraid of getting caught. The violence side of Magwitch is exposed when he turns Pip upside down and shakes him. By now, the reader is afraid of Magwitch, and he is definitely the villain of this novel. However, the reader may also feel pity for Magwitch from the way he limps and shivers. This explains how Dickens was able to create two sides of the character Magwitch, this way the reader is able to feel some sympathy but, they are also afraid of him because he is a criminal and he is relying on the help of a child. Magwitch tries to be evil, but between that he shows his vulnerable side. Dickens uses adjectives such as ‘ravenously’. The purpose of this is to give the reader an image of a wild animal in their minds. Dickens is comparing Magwitch with a wild animal to once again remind the reader that Magwitch is uneducated and deprived. Magwitch used his gaze to overpower Pip. This suggests that Dickens was able to write in a way to show who’s in power. Also, Magwitch tilts Pip over a grave to frighten him and show power. However, we can understand from the novel that Magwitch is also afraid of the graves as he creeps over them.

Land Reform Essay

I. Land reform and Agrarian Reform Land reform or mainly called â€Å"Land redistribution†. It mainly refers to the right of owning a land. Meanwhile, Agrarian Reform is much broader than land reform. It refers to changes that are made in the land tenure system. It covers issues such as, â€Å"who owns or does not own land†, how land is used or who shares to the products of the land†. It also pertains to land productivity and rate of agricultural development 2. Land redistribution There is a so-called land-ownership and landlord class (upperclass/owners of land) receives rent from tenants such as farmers. Large landed estates are expropriated by the state authority. These lands are then broken into small farms and distribute it to farmers. As distribution to farmers occur, gov’t will come in between to pay the landlords for the farmers. The NEW landowners has to find a means of paying the installment to the gov’t who took place in paying the landlords. 3. Philippine Land reform CAR – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Republic Act 6657 in 1988 and ended last 2008. An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes Definitions 1. Agrarian Reform – Distribution of land, regardless of crops and fruits produced, to farmers and farmworkers who are landless to help lift the economic status of the beneficiaries. 2. Agricultural Land – Land devoted to agricultural activities. Minerals, forest, residential, commercial or industrial lands are not included. 3. Farmer – Primary livelihood is cultivation of land or production of agricultural crops. 4. Farmworker – Render service as a laborer or employee in an agricultural enterprise or farm POLICIES * Every state should pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Landless farmers and farmworkers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation towards development and industrialization. * Distribution and ownership of lands shall take place to provide farmers and farmworkers with the opportunity to enhance and improve their quality of life. * CARP is founded on the rights of landless farmers and farmworkers to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, to receive a just share of fruits thereof. * The state shall encourage and undertake the districution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities set by this act. Nevertheless, the state shall respect the rights of small landowners and shall provide incentives for land-sharing. CARPER – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms Bill Republic Act 9700 An act strengthening the comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP,), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the purpose certain provision of republic act no. 6657, and appropriating funds therefor. Some of the amendments are; 1. CARPER primarily extends the redistribution of lands for 5 years.   2. It also redefines the scope and some definitions in CAR 3. In Sec. 18, the CARPER also mandates that all land reform cases must be under the jurisdiction of the DAR except for cases falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and the DENR. Only the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or writ of preliminary injuction against the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC), the DAR, and other related agencies on agrarian reform cases. 4. A new Congressional Oversight Committee on Agrarian Reform (COCAR) is also created by virtue of the CARPER, composed of the Chairpersons of the Agrarian Reform Committees of both Houses and three members each from the Upper and Lower House, to be designated respectively by the Senate President and the House Speaker. 5. It also incorporates a new section into the existing CARL, Section 37-A, specifically mandating the inclusion of equal support services for rural women and the establishment of a women’s desk under the DAR. According to GMA news, Aquino stated that one of the ways in which CARPER will quickly be implemented is with a multi-stakeholders mechanism. They will be tasked to mnitor the implementation of the CARP specifically focusing on; 1. Coverage and distribution of agricultural land 2. Movement and performance of Department of Agrarian Reform personnel 3. Delivery support services to the beneficiaries, and 4. Budget allocation and utilization RA 9700 has allocated ate least P150 billion for the program which will be utilized to successfully complete the implementation of agrarian reform. Aquino and the land reform advocates adopted the commitment made by Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo during a meeting with the farmers last June 12, 2012. Robredo committed the government to: – work on a list of areas where there are CARPER enforcement issues, – review the PNP’s tasking and refer to the DOJ the proposed changes in 2009 guidelines, as it applies to DAR orders, – establish PNP outpost in critical areas where installed farmers are being harassed, and – establish a direct line of communication with the DILG. Sources: Sicat, G. (1983). Economics. NationalBook Store Publishers. Metro Manila Philippines. www.gmanetwork.com/news http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9700.php http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6657.html#.US8wcDAaNps

Germany - Country Overview - 3077 Words

Country Report GERMANY By: Arun Sareen Content Content 2 1. Introduction: Germany at a glance 3 Graph 1.1: World’s largest economies by GDP 3 Graph 1.2: Key economic indicators in Germany since 2000 4 2. Germany’s economy in the lead up to the crisis 4 Table 2.1: Economic data since unification of Germany 5 3. Impact of the crisis in Germany 6 Graph 3.1: Exports in German compared to largest global exporters since 2000 7 Graph 3.2: Germany vs US employment data 8 4. Recovery of the German economy 8 5. Conclusion 9 6. References 10 Introduction: Germany at a glance Germany is a major economic and political force within Europe, and a founding member of the European Union (EU) since 1993. With a†¦show more content†¦(billions) | % of GDP | Euro(billions) | % of GDP | 1991 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 6.2 | 5.5 | -24.3 | -1.3 | -47.5 | -3.1 | 1992 | 1.5 | 5.0 | -0.6 | 6.6 | -22.7 | -1.1 | -40.7 | -2.5 | 1993 | -1.0 | 4.5 | -6.0 | 7.8 | -19.0 | -0.9 | -26.9 | -1.5 | 1994 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 8.1 | 8.4 | -30.5 | -1.4 | -27.7 | -1.5 | 1995 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 8.2 | -29.6 | -1.2 | -50.8 | -2.7 | 1996 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 6.4 | 8.9 | -14.0 | -0.6 | -34.6 | -1.8 | 1997 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 11.5 | 9.7 | -10.0 | -0.5 | -30.5 | -1.6 | 1998 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 7.6 | 9.4 | -16.3 | -0.7 | -36.3 | -1.8 | 1999 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 8.6 | -27.6 | -1.3 | -30.8 | -1.5 | 2000 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 13.2 | 8.0 | -32.8 | -1.7 | -36.9 | -1.8 | 2001 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -62.0 | -3.0 | 2002 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 8.7 | 40.3 | 2.0 | -67.8 | -3.2 | 2003 | -0.4 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 9.8 | 45.8 | 1.9 | -68.7 | -3.2 | 2004 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 127.3 | 4.7 | -76.1 | -3.4 | 2005 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 140.3 | 5.1 | -60.9 | -2.7 | 2006 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 181.7 | 6.3 | -51.6 | -2.3 | 2007 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 248.0 | 7.5 | -25.2 | -1.1 | 2008 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 226.1 | 6.2 | -24.6 | -1.0 | 2009 | -5.1 | 0.2 | -13.0 | 7.8 | 196.0 | 5.9 | -27.5 | -1.1 | 2010 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 15.2 | 7.1 | 211.4 | 6.4 | -65.3 | -2.6 | 2011 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 248.3 | 6.8 | -30.6 | -1.2 | 2012 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 255.3 | 7.4 | -3.1 | -0.1 | 2013 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 273.5 | 7.5 | 15.2 | 0.6 |Show MoreRelatedThe Final Solution For World War II1668 Words   |  7 PagesJewish population was already underway and fully operating right under everyone’s nose. 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