Charles Dickens create his characters Essay

Charles Dickens is a great writer who has been successful throughout his life. He has written many novels for all age groups which consist of ‘Great Expectations’ (1860-61) and ‘Hard Times’. Dickens techniques of writing were much noticed by readers, especially his ways of creating characters. There are a number of ways to how dickens would create his characters, he places them in revealing or appropriate settings and describes their physical appearance. He also, allows them to speak so that we hear their vocabulary and tone of voice. His characters actions and movements are well described because he shows how other characters react to them. To understand dickens techniques more clearly, I will be investigating two characters, Abel Magwitch of ‘Great Expectations’ and Thomas Gradgrind of ‘Hard Times’. ‘Great Expectations’ is about a young orphan named Philip Pirrip, known as Pip. The novel has been set in the Kent Marshes. Pip lives with his shrewish sister and her husband, the simply, kindly, blacksmith Joe Gargery. Chapter one of this novel opens in the country churchyard where Pip is terrified by the appearance of Magwitch, an escaped prison convict who threatens him with awful vengeance unless some food and file for his fetters are obtained smartly. Pip manages to hide some of his own supper, steals more food from the pantry, and after an encounter with a different younger convict, he finds the original one and leaves him filing off his irons. The setting of ‘Great Expectations’ is in the Kent Marshes. Pips first meeting with Magwitch was in the nearby churchyard. â€Å"At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard†. Dickens uses the adjective ‘bleak’ which also means ‘bare’ and ‘dreary’ this suggests that the churchyard is a place that doesn’t get many visitors. Also ‘overgrown with nettles’ implies to us that the churchyard isn’t cared for, it contains sharp and unpleasant plants which doesn’t attract visitors. Therefore, we can understand why Magwitch chose to hideout at the churchyard, it is a good place for a convict to hide. Dickens also uses the adjective ‘raw’ which also supports the idea of an unattractive churchyard. The synonyms for the word raw are chilly and damp; these two words strongly describe the churchyard as an isolated area. ‘Raw’ is a harsh and cold word. The reader may also consider the churchyard as a boring and timid place because dickens has used ‘low leaden line of river’. This describes the river as a heavy, dark and foreboding line cutting across the churchyard. Dickens has deliberately described the churchyard as a boring place with these negative adjectives in order to make the reader believe that it has no visitors. Once again this implies that the churchyard is a good hideout for Magwitch. By now, it is noticeable that the setting in ‘Great Expectations’ reflects Magwitch’s character because Dickens also describes the churchyard ‘with scattered cattle’ which suggests an unpleasant place that is not taken care of very much. The term ‘savage lair from which the wind was rushing’ is a metaphor which is an implicit comparison. It is the application of a word or phrase to somebody or something that is not meant literally, but to make a comparison. The same way, this metaphor brings the wind out to life and impersonates it as a wild animal by using the noun ‘lair’. A ‘lair’ is a den or hiding place where predators would hide from preys, this relates back to Magwitch whom is hiding just like a predator and preys out to poor little orphan Pip. Dickens creates a negative impression of Magwitch by the way he describes him because he uses terms such as ‘A man’. Straight away this puts a mysterious thought to the readers mind. At this point the reader is busy building up an image of Magwitch in their minds. Dickens also describes Magwitch in ‘coarse grey’ uniform, this gives the reader a full image in their minds of Magwitch as a prison convict, which builds up the negative impression. The adjective ‘coarse’ is a synonym for ‘rough’ and ‘harsh’ which allows the reader to consider Magwitch as an untidy and messy person. In order to make it sound more obvious that Magwitch is an escaped convict Dickens uses terms such as ‘iron on legs’. This suggests to us that Magwitch has shackles on his legs which bring the reader to certainty that Magwitch is an escaped convict. He is a bad man; Dickens has also mentioned that Magwitch is not wearing a hat. This implies that Magwitch is no gentleman, he is not well bred and he doesn’t have a decent background. Dickens describes Magwitch through a list of injuries he faces. ‘soaked in water’, ‘smothered in mud’, ‘lamed by stones’, ‘cut by flints’, ‘stung by nettles’ and ‘torn by briars’. Dickens has listed all these injuries to show how Magwitch has been through a lot. He has travelled tough which suggests that he was very determined to get out of prison. It also suggests that Magwitch is a strong and fearful man who is able to resist a lot, he is a frightening man. â€Å"Old rag tied around his head†. From this we can understand that Magwitch is trying to hide his injury or as a disguise. We can understand that Dickens has done a clever job with creating a negative impression of Magwitch. Dickens has deliberately used the name Magwitch which also creates a negative impression because it contains the word ‘witch’. This symbolises ‘evil’ and ‘fear’. Dickens has used exclamation marks to illustrate shouting. â€Å"Tell us your name! Said the man†. From this technique we can understand that Magwitch was a very temperamental and violent man. â€Å"Pint out the place†, this suggests that his accent is also different. Dialect has been used which is when a characters speech is often grammatically incorrect. In Magwitch’s case, his use of dialect suggests to us that he has lack of education. We can understand that he may have been on the prison ship for a long time. Magwitch is also very violent as he speaks. He threatens Pip in a way to show readers that he is the villain of this novel. Also, we can realise that Dickens has made Magwitch’s speech short with shuddering sentences. This implies that Magwitch is afraid of being caught; he is shortening his sentence to hurry up the conversation and get back into hiding. Dickens has also used imperatives, â€Å"You get me a file†. Imperatives are performed by a character to give orders; they are used to express a command or request. Magwitch has used his power advantage. Dickens has also used strong language which reflects Magwitch’s character once again, ‘uncouth and coarse’. Magwitch’s actions are very violent and threatening. While threatening little Pip he tends to keep looking over his shoulder. This implies that he is nervous and afraid of getting caught. The violence side of Magwitch is exposed when he turns Pip upside down and shakes him. By now, the reader is afraid of Magwitch, and he is definitely the villain of this novel. However, the reader may also feel pity for Magwitch from the way he limps and shivers. This explains how Dickens was able to create two sides of the character Magwitch, this way the reader is able to feel some sympathy but, they are also afraid of him because he is a criminal and he is relying on the help of a child. Magwitch tries to be evil, but between that he shows his vulnerable side. Dickens uses adjectives such as ‘ravenously’. The purpose of this is to give the reader an image of a wild animal in their minds. Dickens is comparing Magwitch with a wild animal to once again remind the reader that Magwitch is uneducated and deprived. Magwitch used his gaze to overpower Pip. This suggests that Dickens was able to write in a way to show who’s in power. Also, Magwitch tilts Pip over a grave to frighten him and show power. However, we can understand from the novel that Magwitch is also afraid of the graves as he creeps over them.

Land Reform Essay

I. Land reform and Agrarian Reform Land reform or mainly called â€Å"Land redistribution†. It mainly refers to the right of owning a land. Meanwhile, Agrarian Reform is much broader than land reform. It refers to changes that are made in the land tenure system. It covers issues such as, â€Å"who owns or does not own land†, how land is used or who shares to the products of the land†. It also pertains to land productivity and rate of agricultural development 2. Land redistribution There is a so-called land-ownership and landlord class (upperclass/owners of land) receives rent from tenants such as farmers. Large landed estates are expropriated by the state authority. These lands are then broken into small farms and distribute it to farmers. As distribution to farmers occur, gov’t will come in between to pay the landlords for the farmers. The NEW landowners has to find a means of paying the installment to the gov’t who took place in paying the landlords. 3. Philippine Land reform CAR – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Republic Act 6657 in 1988 and ended last 2008. An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes Definitions 1. Agrarian Reform – Distribution of land, regardless of crops and fruits produced, to farmers and farmworkers who are landless to help lift the economic status of the beneficiaries. 2. Agricultural Land – Land devoted to agricultural activities. Minerals, forest, residential, commercial or industrial lands are not included. 3. Farmer – Primary livelihood is cultivation of land or production of agricultural crops. 4. Farmworker – Render service as a laborer or employee in an agricultural enterprise or farm POLICIES * Every state should pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Landless farmers and farmworkers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation towards development and industrialization. * Distribution and ownership of lands shall take place to provide farmers and farmworkers with the opportunity to enhance and improve their quality of life. * CARP is founded on the rights of landless farmers and farmworkers to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, to receive a just share of fruits thereof. * The state shall encourage and undertake the districution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities set by this act. Nevertheless, the state shall respect the rights of small landowners and shall provide incentives for land-sharing. CARPER – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms Bill Republic Act 9700 An act strengthening the comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP,), extending the acquisition and distribution of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the purpose certain provision of republic act no. 6657, and appropriating funds therefor. Some of the amendments are; 1. CARPER primarily extends the redistribution of lands for 5 years.   2. It also redefines the scope and some definitions in CAR 3. In Sec. 18, the CARPER also mandates that all land reform cases must be under the jurisdiction of the DAR except for cases falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture and the DENR. Only the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or writ of preliminary injuction against the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC), the DAR, and other related agencies on agrarian reform cases. 4. A new Congressional Oversight Committee on Agrarian Reform (COCAR) is also created by virtue of the CARPER, composed of the Chairpersons of the Agrarian Reform Committees of both Houses and three members each from the Upper and Lower House, to be designated respectively by the Senate President and the House Speaker. 5. It also incorporates a new section into the existing CARL, Section 37-A, specifically mandating the inclusion of equal support services for rural women and the establishment of a women’s desk under the DAR. According to GMA news, Aquino stated that one of the ways in which CARPER will quickly be implemented is with a multi-stakeholders mechanism. They will be tasked to mnitor the implementation of the CARP specifically focusing on; 1. Coverage and distribution of agricultural land 2. Movement and performance of Department of Agrarian Reform personnel 3. Delivery support services to the beneficiaries, and 4. Budget allocation and utilization RA 9700 has allocated ate least P150 billion for the program which will be utilized to successfully complete the implementation of agrarian reform. Aquino and the land reform advocates adopted the commitment made by Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo during a meeting with the farmers last June 12, 2012. Robredo committed the government to: – work on a list of areas where there are CARPER enforcement issues, – review the PNP’s tasking and refer to the DOJ the proposed changes in 2009 guidelines, as it applies to DAR orders, – establish PNP outpost in critical areas where installed farmers are being harassed, and – establish a direct line of communication with the DILG. Sources: Sicat, G. (1983). Economics. NationalBook Store Publishers. Metro Manila Philippines. www.gmanetwork.com/news http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9700.php http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6657.html#.US8wcDAaNps

Germany - Country Overview - 3077 Words

Country Report GERMANY By: Arun Sareen Content Content 2 1. Introduction: Germany at a glance 3 Graph 1.1: World’s largest economies by GDP 3 Graph 1.2: Key economic indicators in Germany since 2000 4 2. Germany’s economy in the lead up to the crisis 4 Table 2.1: Economic data since unification of Germany 5 3. Impact of the crisis in Germany 6 Graph 3.1: Exports in German compared to largest global exporters since 2000 7 Graph 3.2: Germany vs US employment data 8 4. Recovery of the German economy 8 5. Conclusion 9 6. References 10 Introduction: Germany at a glance Germany is a major economic and political force within Europe, and a founding member of the European Union (EU) since 1993. With a†¦show more content†¦(billions) | % of GDP | Euro(billions) | % of GDP | 1991 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 6.2 | 5.5 | -24.3 | -1.3 | -47.5 | -3.1 | 1992 | 1.5 | 5.0 | -0.6 | 6.6 | -22.7 | -1.1 | -40.7 | -2.5 | 1993 | -1.0 | 4.5 | -6.0 | 7.8 | -19.0 | -0.9 | -26.9 | -1.5 | 1994 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 8.1 | 8.4 | -30.5 | -1.4 | -27.7 | -1.5 | 1995 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 8.2 | -29.6 | -1.2 | -50.8 | -2.7 | 1996 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 6.4 | 8.9 | -14.0 | -0.6 | -34.6 | -1.8 | 1997 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 11.5 | 9.7 | -10.0 | -0.5 | -30.5 | -1.6 | 1998 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 7.6 | 9.4 | -16.3 | -0.7 | -36.3 | -1.8 | 1999 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 5.8 | 8.6 | -27.6 | -1.3 | -30.8 | -1.5 | 2000 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 13.2 | 8.0 | -32.8 | -1.7 | -36.9 | -1.8 | 2001 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -62.0 | -3.0 | 2002 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 8.7 | 40.3 | 2.0 | -67.8 | -3.2 | 2003 | -0.4 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 9.8 | 45.8 | 1.9 | -68.7 | -3.2 | 2004 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 127.3 | 4.7 | -76.1 | -3.4 | 2005 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 7.7 | 11.3 | 140.3 | 5.1 | -60.9 | -2.7 | 2006 | 3.9 | 1.8 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 181.7 | 6.3 | -51.6 | -2.3 | 2007 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 248.0 | 7.5 | -25.2 | -1.1 | 2008 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 226.1 | 6.2 | -24.6 | -1.0 | 2009 | -5.1 | 0.2 | -13.0 | 7.8 | 196.0 | 5.9 | -27.5 | -1.1 | 2010 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 15.2 | 7.1 | 211.4 | 6.4 | -65.3 | -2.6 | 2011 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 248.3 | 6.8 | -30.6 | -1.2 | 2012 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 255.3 | 7.4 | -3.1 | -0.1 | 2013 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 273.5 | 7.5 | 15.2 | 0.6 |Show MoreRelatedThe Final Solution For World War II1668 Words   |  7 PagesJewish population was already underway and fully operating right under everyone’s nose. 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Character Analysis Of The Pardoner - 1878 Words

To begin, the Pardoner is a character found in the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the fourteenth century. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories in which a group of thirty pilgrims on a pilgrimage to Canterbury, England, to visit an English Saint Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in his Cathedral in 1170. The Canterbury Tales begins with â€Å"The General Prologue† where the narrator describes the physical characteristics and personality of each pilgrim. Specifically, the Pardoner is described as beardless, with long, greasy, yellow hair as well as someone who granted by the Roman Catholic Church to give indulgences and collecting donations for the Church, however, because of his†¦show more content†¦When they arrive at the oak tree, they do not find Death and instead find eight bushels of gold coins. They cannot take the gold home right away without the guard thinking that they have stolen the gold so they wait until night, but they send the youngest to town to get some drinks and food. When the youngest leaves the two others to plan to stab him in the back, meanwhile, the youngest rioter buys poison to kill the other two. When he returns, they stab the youngest, killing him. After the youngest rioter’s death, the two rioters left get poisoned from the drinks and die. â€Å"In the Epilogue† he tries to swindle the pilgrims, especially the Host by telling him to kiss his relics. The two argue and the Knight steps in and makes the two kiss and makeup, without any delay. Throughout the story, Chaucer uses each pilgrim to represent his feeling toward sins, an immoral act, and virtues, the opposite of sin, during the medieval period. He makes some characters have a lot of virtues and little sins, such as the Knight, and he makes some have a lot of sin and little virtues, such as Pardoner. Chaucer creates the Pardoner as a distasteful character by making him greedy, by the ac tions his job, and untrustworthy, by the actions hypocrisy, to reflect his own feelings about the Church. First, the Pardoner’s displeasing characterShow MoreRelatedEssay on Summary and Analysis of The Pardoners Tale1346 Words   |  6 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Pardoners Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Pardoners Tale: The Host thinks that the cause of Virginias death in the previous tale was her beauty. To counter the sadness of the tale, the Host suggests that the Pardoner tell a lighter tale. The Pardoner delays, for he wants to finish his meal, but says that he shall tell a moral tale. He says that he will tell a tale with this moral: the love of money is the root of all evil. He claims that during hisRead MoreEssay about The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer947 Words   |  4 Pages Chaucers Pardoner is unique within the group travelling to Canterbury. While the Parson, the Wife of Bath, the Clerk, and others would love to sway the group toward their respective opinions and views, the Pardoner intends to swindle the group out of its money. His sermons are based on sound theology, but they are rendered hollow by his complete lack of integrity in applying them to his own life. He is a hypocrite - his root intention is to accrue money. Curiously, the Pardoner is openly honestRead MoreThe Pardoners Tale By Chaucer Theme Analysis1533 Words   |  7 PagesTheme Analysis Essay The Canterbury tales have various stories that have moral lessons. Along with that, many themes can be found in these tales. Among the various pilgrims featured in the Canterbury Tales, the Pardoner is one of the most fully described characters. 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Bennett describes Chaucer’s unique style as, â€Å"No detail was too small for him to observe, and from it he could frequently draw, or suggest, conclusions which would have escaped many.† While The Canterbury Tales was originally intended to be an epic poemRead More Canterbury Tales Morality Paper1070 Words   |  5 PagesEternal Bliss or Life Amiss?: Analysis of Theme in Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales The Christian Church has been a driving force in politics and morals for hundreds of years. In the medieval time period in Europe, the Church was particularly strong, a majority of the European peoples and rulers were followers. The set of moral codes and virtues the Church sets forth dictates how each person should live. 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Clearly, these three characters seem in many ways to be respected by Chaucer, suggesting that his irritation with the classes originates more with some of their corrupt members than with the classes themselves. Indeed, given the nature of the society at the time, it is unlikelyRead MoreThe Caterbury Tales, Carmina Burana and The Book of Taliesin722 Words   |  3 PagesCamelot. The Christian Church was the single most influential institution in society, with the pope taking on a role as the leader of European Christendom and education and intellectual life mostly happening through religious institutions. Through the analysis of compositions written during the Middle Ages, it is observable that significant events influenced the pages of these notable works such as Canterbury Tales, Carmina Burana, and The Book of Taliesin. 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Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned Essay - 2224 Words

An animal is taken, injected with all kinds substances, then killed from the tests ran by researchers. Meanwhile, an old woman is laying on her death bed waiting for the same researchers to find a cure but dies before researchers can succeed. Which scenario do you think is worse? This is a difficult question and may not have an answer. Animal testing has been around for centuries starting with early Greek physicians around 384 BC. These Greek physicians included Aristotle, Erasistratus, and Galen, who all created huge contributions to medical history. Throughout history animal testing has helped to cure many diseases including polio, diabetes, smallpox, and many more. These cures have helped save thousands of lives and would not have been possible without the help of animals. However, these contributions did not occur without the cost of hurting animals in the process. There have been some laws, like the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, that requires safety testing of drugs on a nimals before they can be sold. Both animal lives and human lives are affected by animal testing in many ways, making this topic very important. 100 million animals die each year due to animal testing but there are also many diseases that haven’t been cured, making animal testing necessary. Animal testing has both saved lives and taken them away. Us humans have to decide how many animal lives are worth the knowledge gained. In this paper I will address and analyze two alternate perspectives,Show MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Rulers And Reaction Times Essay Example For Students

Rulers And Reaction Times Essay Rulers and Reaction TimesAbstractThe reaction time of ten subjects was measured. The subjects were asked to catch a ruler ten times under five different conditions. The first condition measured the subjects simple reaction time. Each further condition added an additional stimulus and the reaction times were measured. There was a clear increase in reaction time with the addition of further stimulus, however the expected result of a steady increase in response time with the addition of each condition did not occur. The third condition displayed the highest response time where as the final condition displayed the second lowest (after condition 1). Assuming that no design problems in the experiment affected the results, it cannot be concluded that cognitive processes occur in separate order and do not overlap. Given the average reaction time of condition five was lower than condition three, some cognitive adaption may have occurred to lower the response time of the subjects or another re ason may exist. One aspect not covered by the experiment, but important to the results was the error factor. Pre-guessing the experimenter caused a high rate of error, however it lowered the overall results. Why measure response times?As the world moves forward with technology, increasing pressure is placed upon humans to be quicker, be smarter and to operate more efficiently. As the population increases systems are being put in place to reduce incidences and accidents occurring. An example of this is a study conducted by Cameron, 1995 examining the influence of specific light colors, motor vehicle braking and the reaction time of the drivers to these specific clouds and conditions to avoid rear end collisions. Donders subtractive method holds that reaction times can be obtained by subtracting the simple reaction time; or subtracting type A from type B etc. (Cameron, 1995). Given this, it stands that the more stimulus provided (or thought processes required), the longer the response time of the subjects. This theory is tested in the measurement of ten responses to five test conditions. The trial provides preliminary information to participants and it is expected that reaction times will be shorter than if no information was supplied. (Rosenbaum, 1980.)MethodParticipantsTen participants were selected, four female and six male. Ages ranged from twenty-two to fifty three. All were fully able bodied and from English speaking backgrounds. MaterialsA plastic yard rule was used. The yard rule was six centimeters in width. ProcedureCondition OneThe experimenter sat one subject on a chair and instructed them to place their arm out in front of them at a comfortable height. The yard rule was then placed between the subjects fingers at a height of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 1 (Appendix A) and given three trials. The subject then completed the ten tries at the condition and the results were recorded. All ten subjects were tested in the same manner. No abnormal results were obtained. Condition TwoThe experimenter sat one subject on a chair and instructed them to place their arm out in front of them at a comfortable height. The yard rule was then placed between the subjects fingers at a height of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 2 (Appendix A) and given three trials. The subject then completed the ten tries at the condition and the results were recorded. All ten subjects were tested in the same manner. An error rate and abnormal results occurred. Condition ThreeThe experimenter sat one subject on a chair and instructed them to place their arm out in front of them at a comfortable height. The yard rule was then placed between the subjects fingers at a height of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 2 (Appendix A) and given three trials. The subject then completed the ten tries at the condition and the results were recorded. All ten subjects were tested in the same manner. An error rate and abnormal results occurred. .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .postImageUrl , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:hover , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:visited , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:active { border:0!important; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:active , .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641 .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc310fa607a2a271c45cef1010701a641:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man is Hard to find EssayCondition FourThe experimenter sat one subject on a chair and instructed them to place both their arms out in front of them at a comfortable height. The yard rule was then placed between the subjects hands at a height of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 4 (Appendix A) and given three trials. The subject then completed the ten tries at the condition and the results were recorded. All ten subjects were tested in the same manner. A high error rate and abnormal results occurred. Condition FiveThe experimenter sat one subject on a chair and instructed them to place both their arms out in front of them at a comfortable height. The yard rule was then placed between the subjects hands at a height of 10 centimeters. The subject was then told the condition 5 (Appendix A) and given three trials. The subject then completed the ten tries at the condition and the results were recorded. All ten subjects were tested in the same manner. A high error rate and abnormal results occurred. ResultsThen ten subjects all recorded faster reaction times for condition one than any of the other conditions (Fig 1). On the surface this result would support the theory that the more stimulus the slower the reaction time of the subject. When examined as a whole, this is not strictly the case. Condition one averaged 180.3 milliseconds, condition two 240.5, condition three 270, however, condition four averaged 254.4 and condition five only 238.2 milliseconds. Fig 1 Average responses of subjects over five conditions. Initially the introduction of more stimuli slowed the reaction time of the subject. The reaction time of the subject did not, however slow from condition three to four and four to five with more additions. The standard deviation for condition one was also lower than any of the other conditions (Fig 2). The deviation for condition one was 26.5, condition two 37.5, condition three 31.1, condition four 31.7 and condition five 28.8. The high variation for condition two may be explained by the fact that it is the first introduction of an additional stimulus over and above the simple response. Fig 2. Average responses of subjects and the standard deviation. DiscussionThe results show that an initial increase in the complexity of a task increases the reaction time. According to Donders Theory (Gottsdanker, R ; Shraap, P., 1985) results for Condition Five (Discrimination + Decoding + Response Selection) should be greater than condition four (Discrimination + Response Selection) and condition three (Discrimination and Decoding). Condition five, however, was faster in reaction time that condition four and three (Fig 1). Shown only these results the conclusion may be drawn that Donders theory is not entirely correct until the source, method and type of experiment is examined. The biggest factor in the reduction of response time between experiments three and four to experiment five was the error ratio. It was clear in the experiment that the subjects were pre-guessing the experimenter. This was providing the subject with a better result than if the subject was legitimately waiting for instructions, as there was no penalty for incorrect respon ses. Nine out of the ten subjects saw the experiment as a competition and therefore concentrated more on speed that correctness. As in the case when the subject drops the ruler himself or herself or when pre-advised of the requirement, the results are shorter as the processing time is shorter when the subject has pre-ordained the response they will make. This limitation was due mainly to the type of experiment conducted. Given the materials and the situation it was not an accurate measure of response times as some subjects had thirty or forty attempts before ten correct responses could be obtained. Although the logic of Donders Theory is relevant, in this case it cannot be ascertained conclusively that an increase in tasks slowed the reaction time of the subjects. BibliographyCameron, D.L. (1995). Color-specificity to enhance identification of rear lights. .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .postImageUrl , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:hover , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:visited , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:active { border:0!important; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:active , .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc510bc395a4444e7888eb7bc0371eb7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug Addiction EssayPerceptual and Motor Skills, 80(3): 755 769. Gottsdanker, R. Shraap, P. (1985) Verification of Donders subtraction method. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 111(6), 765 776. Hackley, S.A., Schaff, R. ; Miller, J. (1990). Preparation for Donders Type B and reaction tasks. Acta Psychologia, 74, 15 33. Rossenbaum, D.A. (1980). Human movement initiation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Specification of aim, direction, and extent. General 109, 444 474. Weiten, W. (1998). Psychology, Themes and Variations (4th Ed.) California: Brooks/Cole.

The Metamorphosis As A Social Criticism Essay free essay sample

The Metamorphosis As A Social Criticism Essay, Research Paper Society frequently works against itself in one manner or another. In reading Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka one could assume the work to be a societal unfavorable judgment. Throughout this narrative Kafka shows how society can be split into into different subdivisions, with Gregor stand foring the working adult male at the clip, and his household stand foring all the other sorts of people throughout society. This narrative shows how Gregor has worked for his household in the yesteryear, and how he subconsciously thought he had control over them. He works at an unbearable occupation of difficult work to back up his household, and gets small regard for this. It shows what happens to him when he stops working for them, he transforms into a immense cockroach. He is rejected by his household, and he is non cared for decently which consequences in his decease. We will write a custom essay sample on The Metamorphosis As A Social Criticism Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Following Gregors decease is a elated stoping, which finally implies that the rhythm will be repeated, though this clip through his sister. It is evident even in the first sentence? As Gregor awoke one forenoon from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed into a mammoth insect? ( P862, Ph1 ) that Kafka meant something underneath the surface. Awakening from uneasy dreams could intend rousing from an uneasy, laboured life by discontinuing it all. His transmutation could intend how society can compare him to a cockroach for his giving up on them and handle him as if he was less than homo. Gregor has evidently had a life of difficult labour at a occupation that he finds to be intolerable ; as he states? Oh, God what an wash uping occupation I? ve picked? ( P862 Ph4 ) . He feels that he must work though. He feels that his household is incapable of back uping themselves. His female parent has asthma, his male parent is old, and his sister is really immature. As it turns out though, in the terminal, his household was absolutely capable of back uping themselves ; In fact his male parent had been salvaging up money the full clip. In reading this first part of the narrative one would be led to believe that Kafka is doing a statement of how the working adult male feels that his life, and others would be in hazard if he were to halt working. Possibly Kafka is stand foring Gregors household as the lower category. Once Gregor gives up working for his household he finds himself transformed into a large ugly cockroach, the lowest signifier of life. It? s clear why gregor gave up working for his household when he turns the key to the door and says? They should hold called out? maintain traveling, turn that key! ? ? ( P868 Ph3 ) what he needed were words of encouragement, words he neer received. This could credibly be a metaphor that the working people in society are manner overworked, and acquire really small regard for it. It is obvious that Gregor appears gross outing to others that see him when the head clerk runs off at first glance of him. This is his penalty for non working. His grotesque figure represents what he thinks people think of him. In a manner this is stating, When the working adult male, stops working he believes people will really him as a disgusting figure one that can make nil but unrecorded off of other s. At this point Gregor? s place, and regard in the family lessening quickly to a point of close nonentity. He can? t even talk to people, this is established earlier on in the narrative when The head clerk says? that was no human voice? ( P867 Ph4 ) . His household locks him in his room, and feeds him old decomposing nutrient. They wholly desert him, and seek to travel on with their lives. Gregor at this point experiences feelings of lost empathy, and longs to pass on with others. This could stand for the working adult males fear of poorness, it has been established that when the working adult male quits he becomes a disgustful animal in his and everyone? s eyes ; now that? s non the chief fright in the working adult male, it? s loss of being cared for, and loss of communicating in being hapless, dependent, and powerless. His non being able to talk represents the lower category adult male? s being silenced. How his household gives up on him, and deserts him is how society gives up on the hapless, or the homeless. Throughout Gregors life as a cockroach, he finds himself to be treated more like an carnal each twenty-four hours, like being served? a piece of cheese that he would hold called inedible? ( P873 Ph1 ) . He even finds himself to be moving like an animate being, ? he rapidly devours the cheese? ( P873 Ph1 ) . He appears to hold given up on life. He is non cared for decently, and finally withers off, and dies. This shows how society doesn? T truly care about the working adult male. In fact, it shows how society couldn? t attention less if he died, in fact it would lighten up up their twenty-four hours. Even his ain female parent says? ? now thanks be to god? ? ( P890 Ph2 ) upon first find of the organic structure. In the terminal though, after Gregors decease the temper all of a sudden alterations from somberness to glorification, a surprising turn of what one would think. The temper is peaceable, they household goes out on a amble. Everyone appears to be in a good temper. The dual turn is when Gregors father looks at Grete, and idea of the sort of adult male she could get married. This is really a amusing stoping because it shows merely how atrocious Gregors household truly is. All they can believe of is who will make full Gregors places as a attention taker for them. This is symbolic of what society thinks of the mean on the job adult male. They usage you, abuse you, throw you off, and so inquire for seconds ; ? It was like a verification of their new dreams, and excellent purposes that at the terminal of their long journey their girl sprang to her pess and stretched her immature organic structure? ( P892 Ph1 ) . I believe that the overall moral to the narrative is how society should give much more recognition to people who keep the universe running, and that life should non be all about work, silence, and penalty. I besides think it is about society? s moralities, and how they have reduced to such a ugly degree, I think Kafka calls change. It should now be clear that Kafka shows how society can be split into into different subdivisions, with Gregor stand foring the working adult male at the clip, and his household stand foring all the other sorts of people throughout society. Society frequently works against itself in one manner or another.