A Novel Perspective Free Essays

When we hear crimes of murder, rape or abduction of women, we usually judge the case relying on the credibility of those involved. In accordance to evidence law, we try to establish credibility of the personalities involved such as the offender, the victim, and the witnesses to see who is telling the truth. However, as trial prevails, relying on credibility sometimes acquits the offender, after presenting enough evidence to destroy the credibility of the victim. We will write a custom essay sample on A Novel Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Oates’ short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going and Where Have You Been? the author presents an example of a crime where the criminal could be easily acquitted based on evidence of the victim’s willful submission to the desires of the offender. However, revealing the hypnotism behind the crime, the author implies a way to judge crimes using a novel perspective. Similar to the process of providing evidence in a trial, the author builds foundation of the case through characterization. She establishes the personality of the main character named Connie. In the introduction, Connie is strongly contrasted with her stereotypical sister, June. She is described as far more independent than the latter, making her a strong and willful character. Based on this, it is easy to think that Connie is partly responsible for whatever she experiences from her abductor, Arnold Friend. In addition, her strolling activities with her friends, not to mention her acquaintances with men, add to the denigration of her character. Her choice to be on her own while her friends go different ways suggests her adventurous nature. Also, her beauty makes it easy for her to attract attention especially from boys. Furthermore, occasions where she displays split personality, â€Å"Everything about her had two sides to it† (408), could emphasize Connie’s inclination to hang out with guys like Arnold Friend. While most aspects of the characterization could lead one to believe that Connie is to be blamed for her fate, the plot of the story, supported by the dialogues, reveals the truth about the crime. The development of the action shows Connie’s resistance to the will of the criminal. During the time Arnold tries to convince Connie to get out of the house, Connie repeatedly dismisses him, telling him that she does not recognize him at all. She even tries to use the phone to ask for help. As employed, the dialogues support the fact that Connie is taken against her will, and that she should not be blamed for the events that follow. Some points leading to the abduction can be established against Arnold Friend. Specifically, Arnold Friend’s age, which is twice that of Connie, shows the man’s sole accountability for the crime. Moreover, considering the fact that they are not of the same age confirms Connie’s dissociation from the man. Other evidences confirm that the crime was perfectly planned by a hard criminal. Specifically, the car, which bears Arnold’s name, is used to show outward identification, thus convincing Connie of his honest intention. Conversely, this could be used by Arnold as evidence of his innocence. It is easy to believe that if he really plans to abduct Connie, Arnold will not put his identification on his car. However, the judge should see the real motives behind the eager display of identity, which are to convince the victim of the abductor’s â€Å"honest intention,† and even to deny later allegations of abduction. Considering the car as evidence, it can be considered that the crime is carefully planned, thus adding degree to the sentence if Arnold gets convicted. Further to the evidences provided, analyzing the crime in view of hypnosis could provide a different angle to the story. The way Connie behaves at the end, as she deliberately follows orders from Arnold, illustrates the latter’s use of hypnosis. Just before her complete submission, Connie attempts to call the police, shut the door, scream out loud, but feels too weak to do so. This weakness can be attributed to the hypnosis that Arnold uses upon her. Particularly, Connie’s cold feeling, and her sudden weakness to even touch the phone’s dial are signs of being under hypnosis. The narrator of the story recounts instances when Connie feels â€Å"a wave of dizziness rise in her †¦Ã¢â‚¬  when she realizes how old Arnold and Ellie are, when she stares at the â€Å"x† sign that Arnold makes, and when she looks at Arnold’s face as Ellie mumbles words from the background music in the car. The final part, where Connie submits to Arnold’s embrace and closes the door of their house shows her fully hypnotized condition. Under hypnosis, Arnold easily convinces her to head into the car and elope with him, as if they two have a special relationship. Thus, to a bystander, this scene would make it look as if Connie really knows the guy, and that she intends to come with him in his car. This evidence, when presented later in court, could convince anyone of Connie’s willful consent, and could thus free the criminal. Revealing the element of hypnosis, the author suggests a novel perspective in judging crimes especially those related to Connie’s case, where the abductor is much older, and is a complete stranger. Showing symptoms of hypnotism, the author provides some insights one may use seeing a similar scenario in real life. There are times when one sees some couples who look strange, for instance, the woman is too young for the man, or the girl looks too submissive or too innocent. Although this thought does not apply to all appearing in this guise, it may be wise to observe if hypnotism is present in such cases. This way, one may help solve the problem of heinous crimes committed against women and children. Further to the symptoms of hypnosis that the author presents, tracing the ways by which hypnosis is employed provides readers some ideas on how one can be placed under hypnosis, and consequently, how one can rid of it. In the story, Arnold employs different means to put Connie under hypnosis. One is through the music he and Ellie play in the car. Notably, the mention of music in the scenes where Arnold sees Connie for the first time and when he is in front of Connie’s house suggests the offender’s use of music to induce hypnosis. As Connie listens to the music, it makes her feel so good, â€Å"like music at a church service† (408) which she could depend upon. Tapping to the tune of music from Ellie’s radio Arnold makes Connie feel disoriented to the things around her. She suddenly diverts attention to different things, like asking Arnold’s age, and becomes more aware of space than before. These behaviors show a significant change in her, thus implying abnormality of her state. In addition to the music, the â€Å"x† sign which Arnold makes in the air is likewise used to hypnotize her. â€Å"After his hand fell back to his side the X was still in the air, almost visible† (415). This illustrates Arnold’s use of hand sign similar to a pendulum during process of hypnosis to intensify Connie’s submission. Afterwards, â€Å"all †¦ things did not come together† (415) for Connie, and she finds it difficut to make sense of things, including the way Arnold talks and taps his finger to the beat of the music. The final part which implies Connie’s hypnotism implies the use of a novel perspective in dealing with crimes in the modern society. As the story shows, putting subjects under hypnosis allows the offender to conduct the crime without force, thus avoiding accountability for it later on. Applying this to reality, people who serve as witnesses to the closeness between the offender and the victim at the time of hypnosis will not shed light to the case because what they see is a mere facade, which happens under the control of the offender. Therefore, only the victims’ recall of what actually happened can help to convict a criminal. Until then, statutory evidence establishing credibility of the accused and the victims will not serve to bring justice. Instead, the use of a novel perspective such as uncovering occurrence of hypnotism proves to be the best way in dealing with crimes. How to cite A Novel Perspective, Papers

Jennifer Seniors “Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness” Sample Essay Example For Students

Jennifer Seniors â€Å"Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness† Sample Essay In Jennifer Seniors. â€Å"Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness. † Senior proposes a inquiry. Can person find how happy you are? Senior starts out by depicting her happiness trial. which she scored a 2. 88 out of 5 on. it was based on her location by nothing codification. faith. matrimonial position. and income. But did this trial really determine Seniors’ felicity. or did it state her what her societal position is? She so continues to speak about the addition of involvement in felicity. which Harvard’s leap in attending in the class about positive psychological science. This have caused an addition in text editions and categories. which was believed to hold showed up in economic sciences foremost. Senior so talks about what is more likely to do you happy. Majority believe if you are more spiritual. in a happy matrimony. younger. drink. are smart. or attractive. you are more likely to be happier. Studies show most of these are false. which goes to demo. you can non compare societal position to degree of felicity. Senior utilizations Phillips as an illustration. who believes felicity is â€Å"the most conformist of moral purposes. † He so goes on to compare the differences in an European novel and a positive psychological science book. which he believes is â€Å"empty of foible and the hard passions. † But believes the European book to be complex and good designed. In decision. Senior compares the new addition of survey in felicity to the so called â€Å"tests† that tell 1s degree of felicity. and how effectual they are.

Developments that will Define Business in the 21st Century

Strategic and Organisational Learning The WritePass Journal

Strategic and Organisational Learning Definition of strategy: Strategic and Organisational Learning Definition of strategy:Meaning of strategy:Definition of strategy as practiceStrategy as practiceRecursivenessAdaptationStrategy as practice in useWrong strategies could lead to   disastersProduct, pricing and geographical focusBad strategies and its problemsConclusionReferencesRelated Definition of strategy: â€Å"A  strategy  is a way through a difficulty, an approach to overcoming an obstacle, a response to a challenge.†(Rumelt, 2011) Meaning of strategy: Strategy is basically a plan that is formulated by businesses and mostly top level managers that sets limitations and boundaries which organisations comply with in order to reach a particular goal. Strategy directly or indirectly is a means to achieving an organisations goals more effectively. It includes every organisational and managerial function such as planning, organising, goal setting, organisational structuring and adaptation to the everchanging environments. Therfore strategy is a vital part of every organisation and without a basic strategy or plan of action, every organisation will fail to survive in the ever competitive present business environment. Strategy is a very general term. There are many kinds of strategies that deal with every minor detail of organisational functioning. One of the more refined forms of strategy is a fairly new concept known as strategy as practice. Strategy as practice is a more practical managerial science that describes strategy as something that is practised within the organisation and functions that managers perform. Functions like strategy formulating and also the carrying out of these strategies .The definition below will help us have a better understanding of this subject. Definition of strategy as practice â€Å"Strategy a situated, socially accomplished activitystrategizing comprises those actions interactions and negotiations of multiple actors and the situated practices they draw on in accomplishing that activity† (Jarzabkowski, 2007) Strategy as practice For many years now the dominant academic perspective on strategic management has looked at strategy as something that organisations have. The strategy as practice perspective, on the other hand, looks at strategy as something people do.   It is concerned with the practice of strategising, encompassing both the formulation of strategy and how strategies are put into action to deliver strategic renewal and change. It therefore asks questions such as: what do people do to develop strategies in organisations; how do they translate their strategies into strategic action and change in organisations; what competences are required for this; how do they actually use the concepts and tools that are advocated for strategic management; what is good practice in managing strategy?(www.lums.lanc.ac.uk) As the statement above mentions that strategy as practice is a relatively new branch of strategic management, and is therefore still growing as a management science that people and organisations are slowly looking to for better solutions for strategising. This is because strategy has a direct effect on the performance of the organisation. Strategic concepts change as time passes and the business environment constantly changes, therefore strategy as practice is a new concept that holds new promises for the business world. â€Å"Strategy as practice is a new measure to revitalise strategic theory and bring about change from the conventional strategic thinking to addressing various important questions on the functioning of an organisation and how the functioning differs from organisation to organisation. However strategy as practice is a more cautious approach as there are already a number of approaches to strategic thinking for every minute detail of firm positioning and managerial cognition.It is widely believed that there is more to learn from the day to day practices of the firm than the formulation of theories and principles that govern conventional strategy. Observations made on the functioning of the firm help us relate between different theories.†Ã‚  (Jarzabkowski, 2002) According to Jarzabkowski strategy as practice has 3 core elements. They are Recursiveness, Adaptation and Strategy practice –in use. Recursiveness These theories   are better explained by Jarzabkowski   with the theories of structuration. Where   the external environment which is a macro factor is used as a structure   in which a lot of actors(managers) perform their day to day functions.   And the interaction on a daily basis of actors with their environment on a daily basis   as a practise is described as   recursiveness of practice. Recursiveness is nothing but   the daily   routine   of tasks and functions   performed   by   managers. Recursiveness only occurs for tasks that are repetitive in nature i.e. tasks that have to be done repeatedly in order to gain recursiveness. Recursiveness is present at 3 levels- the actor, the organisation and the social institution. (Jarzabkowski, 2002) Adaptation Adaptation is a measure that has to be taken up by every organisation in order to adapt perfectly with its current environments in order to survive the constant   changes of the environments in which the organisations function.   Adaptation is a very important measure of strategic excellence. It show s to what extent an organisation or its manager are willing to go to keep the organisation afloat   in the ever-changing   macro environment. Adaptation is not only seen at a macro level but even at a micro level of the firm. Adaptive organisational structures, adaptive managerial tasks, adaptive functioning to the changing needs of a firm etc are also considered adaptation. .(Jarzabkowski, 2002) Strategy as practice in use Managers or professionals who are strategic   practitioners   are said to be knowledgeable, purposive and reflexive   in nature. Therefore when they practice they have the ample knowledge to go about their functions, they are full of intent which helps them adhere to the strategic principles of goal seeking.   Strategic actors   who practice strategy are the ones who usually take the recursive and adaptive route to strategy and succeed in doing it the right way. Strategy as practice as they say is the correct way of looking at strategic theory   cause its a more practical hands on approach that could save the organisations from strategizing wrongly. .(Jarzabkowski, 2002) Wrong strategies could lead to   disasters Wrong strategies could lead to disasters. This statement is   very valid one once we ve seen how many firms fail in the present market conditions. They fail because they are not able to keep in tune with the market requirements and adapt constantly. All this may only occur when a firm has its priorities wrong. Every company   has its own strategies   and these strategies are formulated and followed up in order to reach the firm’s long term and short term goals. When the strategy fails to take into consideration one of the vital elements from both the micro and macro factors , the firm may have a troubled future. Strategies should be formulated in such a way that they are flexible to change through time, they should be simplistic and goal oriented and should be for the better functioning of the firm and not to compete with other firms. As Michael porter has said â€Å" Bad strategy often stems from the way managers think about competition. Many companies set out to be th e best in their industry, and then the best in every aspect of business, from marketing to supply chain to product development. The problem with that way of thinking is there is no best company in any industry.† ( Porter, 2006). Porter called this sort of competition â€Å"destructive competition†. It is when companies and managers try to outshine other companies through cut throat competition and instead of trying to increase the performance and better functioning standards of their firm they instead work on putting other companies down. This is because such managers believe that there is only one best company amongst several. But as porter has pointed out that there is no one best company. It depends on people s perspectives, choices, different situations, budgets, and needs. Therefore he says concentrating on strategies that   increase the performance and output and organisational integrity of a firm may actually help instead of opting for the former. ( Porter, 2006). Although for this sort of strategizing. Managers have to look into their own firms and their own human resources and the strengths and weaknesses of the Strategy is a word that gets used in so many ways with so many meanings that it can end up being meaningless. Often corporate executives will confuse strategy with aspiration.† (Porter ,2006). He also says that managers and firms confuse their strategies with the firm’s visions and firm’s missions, which quite frankly is the wrong approach to motivating their workers. When you confuse the company’s visions and strategies you are bound to end up no where. Because Strategising necessarily doesn’t involve motivationg and envisioning. It simply just helps the firm find a pathway to success if anything. Product, pricing and geographical focus It is also said that strategies should help a firm decide on what products and services its going to sell in the market, what pricing its going to adopt, who it is going to compete with and most importantly its geographical area of focus for business is to be determined. All these minor details play a major role in organisational success. The art of doing all this together is what porter says, leads to successful strategizing. Doing several of these key functions simultaneously is very important to larger firms.(Porter,2006) Bad strategies and its problems â€Å"Bad  strategy  abounds†, says UCLA management professor Richard Rumelt.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Senior executives who can spot it stand a much better chance of creating good  strategies.†(Rumelt,2011). Bad strategies are something that are very common. Managers think they have a strategy that will succeed but infact they don’t. They just make functioning a very difficult task for the firms due to listing down of some very demanding strategies that take more from the firm than they give. These strategies create a negative effect on the functioning of the firm. Because the goals seem very demanding and the managers and workforce are too stressed out to carry out the tasks asked of them.These strategies fail to solve the problem that the firms are actually facing. It is not based on realistic problems but based more on forecasted problems which could be wrong. A firm,s strategies should always be such that it helps solve the problems of the present as well as the future. Assuring an overall smooth ride. But not all strategies are like this. The one’s that fail miserably are   coined as a bad strategy. These bad strategies can be a big negative effect on the firm. (Rume lt, 2011) There are   strategies that mistake goals for strategies whereas the strategies themselves are only a means of achieving those very goals. Some strategies also have an absence of thought. They put in very sophisticated fancy words but lack any sense of thought or motive for the strategy basically making those strategies soul less. These are all bad strategies. While this may sound bad enough, there are strategies with no clear objectives or mission. These strategies as mentioned before have their priorites wrong. They are unsuccessful strategies from the very beginning. Conclusion Strategy as practice is a fairly new practice. Hence organisations and managers still don’t trust this method of strategising all that much. Many organisations still use the conventional method of goal-setting strategizing. Which basically is a prescribed way of going about various functions in order to reach its goals. While this may still be in fashion in most parts of the world and most of the organisations. The   ever changing conditions of the market environments are asking for a change in the way organisations do business. For now it may be called the unconventional method of strategizing. But in a few years on, when its success catches on, businesses will see this as an option they may most certainly have to choose. This is because this method is a very flexible one, it keeps in mind both macro and micro influencing factors, It is also adaptive in nature and adapts to every situation that the organisation may be put in. As this strategy is not only set but is practise d at the same time, it is easy for managers to make corrections along the way and not have problems in the strategy being too rigid and unchangeable. Even if the organisations are choosing the conventional methods of strategising, they must always keep in mind the objectives and goals set for the firm which must be achieved through its strategies and also to make sure that they keep the strategies simple and easy to understand and not to confuse it with its goals and visions. When the strategies are void of any of these commonalities is when we can say that we have a near perfect strategy. References Websites 1)  Ã‚   lums.lancs.ac.uk/research/centres/strategy/strategy-as-practice/,(www.lums.lancs.ac.uk) accessed on 18th may 2011 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1594 porter, Michael.† Why do Good Managers set Bad Strategies†. Nov 1st 2006, accessed on 18th May 2011 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://cosmic.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/webcat/hwwa/edok03/f10201g/RP0212.pdf   Jarzabkowski, Paula. â€Å"Strategy as Practice Recursiveness, Adaptation and Strategic Practices-in-use†.   July 2002 http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/detail?vid=3hid=102sid=b40003d9-0cad-412c-b5cb-89cd40fea720%40sessionmgr110bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=buhAN=58572247. Rumelt, Richard, McKinsey Quarterly,†The perils of bad strategy†, 2011 Issue 1. Accessed from business source premier on the 19th May 2011

Case 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case 2 - Essay Example Once the development team understands it needs teams instead of groups, it can proceed to form them. It would be waste of time for the organization to come to the realization, when much progress has been made, that it has workgroups instead of work teams. That would be a waste of financial and human resources and time. Good group members are likely to be people who share a group’s mentality and objectives. Group effectiveness is determined in large part by commonality of goals among its members. A group in which members have the same mission and vision is, more often than not, free of differences in actions. Members think and act as one. A good group member actively participates in group affairs; he is not an observant in the activities of the group. Whenever there is something to be done or discussed, good group members avail themselves to make efforts worthwhile. Finally, potentially good group members have the skill set required to contribute to the group’s success and activities. For example, it would be pointless to have a human resource expert in a group formed to develop better engineering techniques in an organization. This is not to say that a human resource professional has no role to play in such a group, but that his role would be so limited that it would cease to make sense. In such a scenario, the HR expert would be better suited to a group formed to explore better recruitment and retention strategies. Individual skill sets in a group should complement each other if any progress is to be made. The principles of diversity and personality are very important in managing conflict in groups. The development team must understand that its members must be different. There will never be an instance in which all members of a team agree on everything. There will also never be an instance in which all team members share the same background, experiences, culture, religion, or race (Robbins and Judge 263). The team should use

The Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Internet - Essay Example The conventional modes of communication have been replaced by faster and more accessible forms of communication due to the invention of the internet. 2. Background of Internet World Wide Web Consortium 3 provided the information that the root of the invention of internet can be placed in the year 1970 when the American Defense Agency was assigned with the project of connecting four computers with each other over phone lines. The main purpose of this endeavor was to enable the researchers to share data with each other. Later in 1990, Tim Berners Lee was designated with the task of developing a mechanism for CERN in Switzerland that would enable the researchers to access files and search relevant information [2]. Finally in 1994, Tim Berners Lee invented the standards that accumulated to form the basis of internet- URL, HTTP and HTML. World Wide Web Consortium 3 stated that the combination of these three standards created the concept of the World Wide Web. The power of these standards can be evaluated from the fact that the invention is widely accepted even after decades of its inception. 3. Benefits of Internet New modes of communication have been invented due to the integration of internet in the lives of individuals. Electronic mail (Email) enables the internet users to send and receive messages from any other internet user in the world. It has provided an effective, fast and reliable mode of sending messages to people which is not dependent on the geographical location of the participants. The users can receive emails wherever they are, as long as internet access is available. The conventional charges of sending messages through the postal system, was dependent on the geographical location of the recipient, whereas, email is sent to any recipient in the world without any charge. Emails are sent instantly across the internet to the recipient’s email address with almost 100% reliability rate, unless there are no network problems nor the receiving inbox i s full. Files can be sent as attachments in emails that prove to be an effective manner of exchanging data with peers and colleagues. Other modes of fast-paced online communications include instant messaging, video chats, voice chats etc. Earlier, students and researchers had to make uncountable trips to the libraries and universities to accumulate information for their researches. The advent of internet has provided the internet users with an ocean of knowledge about every field of life. Internet has benefitted the field of research to a great degree since all the information lies only few clicks away from the internet user. The dispersion of the information in the form of books and journals has been collected on the World Wide Web. User can search the most relevant information for his domain of interest within mere seconds, rather than reading through hundreds of pages. News can be disseminated on an immediate basis and become a part of the ocean of information on the web. In the modern world, news is made available on the web rather than making people wait for the morning paper to arrive. E-learning is an innovative concept for the internet users since it provides the students with the power to attend their class lectures from the vicinity of their choice and follow the proceedings of

Stalin and the Korean War

Stalin and the Korean War To what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)? Introduction The Korean War is often referred to as a battle between communism and capitalism. It succeeded the end of the forty-year Japanese occupation of Korea. When Japan fell during the Second World War, Korea was free, and hoped to finally decide the fate of their own country. In the years following, both radical and nationalist groups became apparent, aiming for independence, however these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1] The majority of Koreans fought for a unified state.[2] The United States and the Soviet Union, however, had alternative thoughts. The President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, wanted to stop Russia gathering anymore territory[3], therefore the United States countered by encouraging the establishment of democracy.[4] At the Potsdam Conference, in Germany, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel between the North and the South. The thought was that South Korea would be capitalist and North Korea would be communist. The Republic of Korea (ROK) was se t-up in the South and led by Syngman Rhee who was undemocratic and anti-communist but was recognized as the sole legal government of Korea.[5] The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) was set-up in the North and led by communist Kim Il-Sung. There was hope that one day the unification of Korea would commence.[6] The Korean War is one that killed over 2.5 million people.[7] The conditions of the Korean war were inconsistent; Korea is a country with freezing snowy winters and boiling hot summers, which made conflict extremely difficult on both sides. The war began at 4:30 AM on June 25, 1950 and lasted for three straight years, the bipolar weather conditions meant that the soldiers were constantly fighting disease, malnutrition and frostbite.[8] Dean Acheson (1893-1971), the U.S. Secretary of State, once said that â€Å"if the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war, the unanimous choice would have been Korea.†[9] The failure to unite Korea after WWII was an important factor in the beginning of the Korean War. In 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Harry Truman, and, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, gathered in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2. It was agreed to temporarily divide Korea and accept joint responsibility for reinstating Japanese forces. They decided upon an essentially arbitrary line which was the 38th Parallel which was to be used as a division between the North and South. The 38th Parallel is a circle of latitude which is 38 degrees north of the equator, it happened to roughly divided Korea in the middle, therefore was chosen to divide the two Koreas. The Role of Stalin When Kim voiced his frustration that his bid for reunification remained heavy on his mind, he reached out to both Joseph Stalin (the leader of the Soviet Union) and Mao Zedong (the chairman of the communist party of China). The definite reason for Stalin giving Kim permission to invade South is uncertain to this day. Either the victory of Communist China, or the Soviets gain of the atomic bomb could have led to Stalin’s decision being made.[10] One of Stalin’s main aims was to avoid conflict with the United States, he did this in many ways, one of which was denying Kim’s strategies for the war. The withdrawal of American troops from South Korea were significant, however, Stalin was under the impression that a harsh military campaign wouldn’t go unanswered, therefore he decided against refutation in the moment[11]. Stalin had promised both cultural and economic aid to North Korea, during a meeting between Stalin, Kim, and representatives from both governmen ts, on March 5, 1949. Regarding military operations across the 38th parallel, Stalin was not yet prepared to support Kim’s political and strategic objectives of reunification.[12] Stalin brought Kim to Moscow to ensure that Korea did not fall under the influence of the new People’s Republic of China (PRC).[13] According to Stalin’s interpreter, in the Spring of 1949, in the course of a meeting between Kim and Stalin, â€Å"Kim complained that ‘†¦the southerners are making trouble all the time. They are violating the border; there are continuous small clashes.’ Stalin became gloomy; ‘What are you talking about? Are you short of arms? We shall give them to you. You must strike the southerners in the teeth.’ After thinking for a while, he repeated, ‘Strike them, strike them.’†[14] This extract from the meeting reinforces the point that Stalin was providing North Korea with weapons and supplies, which demonstrates t hat the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the help from Stalin and The Soviet Union. Stalin decided that he needed to bring Korea into the Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviets wanted to expand the sphere of communist influence into Korea, this was because Stalin and the Soviet Union wanted to be surrounded by communist countries as a layer of protection for Russia and so if the threat of invasion or war occurred they would have support around them. Stalin was afraid that Mao was considering opening China to capitalist influence; therefore, he decided that he could not allow North Korea to do the same.[15] Throughout the spring and summer of 1949 that Kim was making significant strides to increase the potency of the KPA (Korean people’s army). Stalin was essentially only interested in how the Korean War would affect his relations with the United States[16]. On September 3rd, 1949, Kim sought permission from Stalin and the Soviet Union to commence military operations against the south.[17] Kim most likely believed that Korea would be next in line for the Asian communist movements; thus in early 1950, Kim renewed his requests for military reunification with Stalin[18]. In January 1950, the first Soviet Ambassador to North Korea, Terentii Shtykov, feared that Kim was looking to move forward toward reunification without approval from Stalin, so he sent a telegram with a forlorn warning: â€Å"Kim Il-sung is constantly nurturing his idea about an attack.†[19] In 1950 Stalin eventually began to support the plans for a war as at this point he was more hopeful about winning. The Communist victory in China and the development of the USSRs first atomic bomb persuaded Stalin to act and help North Korea. The USSR was using the Korean war as a proxy war, a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. The Role of Truman   Ã‚   At the Council of Foreign Ministers Moscow Conference, in December 1945, the USA and the Soviet Union agreed to create a temporary government in Korea that would lead to independence[20]. However, independence was never achieved and the Cold War developed individuals of higher power who became less willing to co-operate. Separate governments emerged on both sides of Korea. Both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee fought the Japanese during the occupation and wanted to end the division of Korea, however they had different ideas for how to do so. The failure of uniting the two Koreas led to the permanent governments of Korea. The USA was also using the Korean War as a proxy war. The Americans enforced the idea of containment, a foreign policy used to contain the spread of communism. The US was fearful that if a united Korea became communist if would lead to a ‘domino effect’ and the spread of communism around the world would occur[21]. Truman feared that the next ‘dominoâ⠂¬â„¢ would be Japan[22]. The possible reaction from Stalin had to be taken into consideration if the U.S. did involve themselves in the Korean War. On a similar note, the Truman administration was concerned of the possible expansion of the Korean War into a larger war taking place over Europe.[23] Nevertheless, it was clear that there was little indication that the United States or even the United Nations could shy from the war.[24] It is thought that the US and UN feared what would happen if North Korea won the war and subsequently Kim Il-Sung came to power, with the support of Stalinist regime and the Soviet Union. President Truman believed if the aggression from North Korea went unnoticed, it would encourage Communist aggression elsewhere.[25] The UN Security Council accepted the abuse of force to aid the South Koreans. This is noteworthy because Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) is one of the permanent seats upon the UN council, however, interestingly, the Soviet Union did not oppose the use of force against North Korea, even though the Soviet Union were responsible for sending troops and supplies into the war. This demonstrates that the Soviet Union were confident in the ability of their troops, so confident that in fact they did not fear the force that would be against them. The Truman administration, however, continued to restrict themselves from sending soldiers because according to their advisors, North Koreans could be stopped by purely both naval and air power. Subsequently, immediately upon hearing this news, the U.S. began utilizing whatever air and naval forces that they could, to help with the war.[26] Following China’s input into the Korean War, General MacArthur landed two divisions 150 miles in the South Korean port of Inchon. Following a seize of communication between them and the US, the North Koreans are reported to have fled North, escaping[27]. â€Å"If we let Korea down,† Truman said, â€Å"the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another.†[28] General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of staff of the United States Army, believed that only a total victory was an acceptable outcome for the US. President Truman disagreed but MacArthur was adamant.[29] The Role of Mao Unlike America, China decided to take a passive response during the initial stage of the Korean War.[30] The People’s Republic of China, in October 1950, was only one year old. The Beijing regime was already facing difficult tasks of economic reconstruction and regime consolidation.[31] Therefore it was predicted that China would have little to no interference in the Korean War. There is some evidence that suggests that there was an exchange of views between Kim, Mao Zedong and Stalin on the North’s plan of military invasion.[32] However, besides giving Kim moral support, only material support was provided by China at beginning of the war. They sent approximately 14,000 Korean Chinese soldiers who were then serving in the Peoples Liberation Army back to Korea.[33] Mao’s reasons for supporting North Koreas invasion of the South are often debated. Some believe that Mao was an unwilling participant in the war due to the concerns about the effect it would have on China[34]. Mao feared that if he supported North Korea it would have a negative impact on China as it could trigger an invasion from America, due to their aid for the South. Some others further argue that Mao was in some way manipulated or compelled into sending troops to North Korea by Stalin and Kim-Il-Sung.[35] On June 27, President Truman revealed that America was supplying South Korea with air and naval support, which lead to the Chinese leaders reassessing American intentions towards China and redeploy some of its troops to the Northern border.  [36] Mao asked if Stalin would send air support to North Korea and he would send troops. Stalin decided against sending air support. Mao, after a substantial amount of thought, sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950, even though he was currently dealing with a difficult military situation himself[37]. This fundamentally changed the relationship between China and the Soviet Union forever. Barely 12 days after the Chinese troops had enrolled in the war, Stalin soon declared that the Soviet Air Force could provide air cover, and aid to China[38], due to North Korean assistance from China. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which was signed in February 1950, mentioned that ‘all-out’ support would be supplied by the Soviet Union if China was entangled in any military conflict with the ‘imperialist countries’.[39] This treaty ensured that if China intervened in the Korean War, there would be less of a threat from an American invasion because of the support from Stalin and the Soviets. The security treaty therefore significantly decreased the possibility of an American invasion. The Communist China Party (CCP) had a Marxist-Leninism ideology that greatly influenced the decisions of senior members, especially Mao[40]. Presumably, it was this ideology that lead them to assist North Korea in the war, because turning the whole of Korea into a communist country would be not only be beneficial to Russia and the Soviet Union, it would also benefit Mao and the CCP. The Role of Kim Il-Sung In September 1948, the North founded the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK), founded by Kim Il Sung, recognized as the communist side. Kim Il Sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948-71. Kim was born born to Kim HyÃ… ng-jik and Kang Pan-sÃ… k. They originally bestowed upon him the name of Kim SÃ… ng-ju, however, he later changed his name to Kim Il-Sung. Unsurprisingly, the Kim family, like an abundance of Korean families, were opposed to the Japanese occupation of the Korea, which began on 29 August 1910.[41] Kims parents, especially Kims mother, is said to have played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[42] This is suggested to be where Kim Il-Sung’s anti-imperialism attitude originates. In October 1926 Kim founded the Down-With-Imperialism Union[43], in order to fight against Japanese imperialism and to promote Marxism-Leninism[44]. As previously mentioned, both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee wanted to reunify Korea on their own terms, however neither side could unify Korea on their own due to lack of strength and supplies. Kim understood that his goals of reunification would require help from another communist’s patron, namely the Soviet Union or China. This suggests that Kim knew he didn’t have the army or the weapons that he needed to begin the war himself, he knew he needed support from elsewhere. With this growth of the North Korean army in mind, Kim renewed his request to unify Korea with Stalin. One likely reason that Kim renewed his efforts at this time was that since June 29, 1949, the American military had withdrawn troops from South Korea.[45] Kim was convinced that the U.S. would not enter the Korean War, or even if they did enter the war, they would not hold sway over the destiny of the war.[46] Kim had little concern if the South had the support of the US as he doubted the impact of their influence. Stalin ultimately contemplated the request from Kim to begin the war for approximately a year, even though he did say ‘no’ several times, he did eventually approve the proposal.[47] Conclusion The role of individuals in the causes of the Korean War are essentially insignificant. Ultimately, the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the division of Korea, after the Japanese occupation, decided at the Potsdam conference. But this decision wasn’t made by one person, it was made by the three super powers, Stalin, Churchill and Truman. But then, the war also wouldn’t have occurred if Stalin and the Soviets hadn’t appointed Kim Il-Sung as the leader of the north as he was the one who thought of invading to conquer the south. Mao was influenced by Stalin to participate in the war, therefore China’s input was down to Stalin. Stalin’s influence was powerful as Kim didn’t have the army, weapons or supplies to be at war for 3 years. This proves that it wasn’t just the work of one influence, these put together influenced the beginning of the Korean War. To answer the question of â€Å"to what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)?†, Stalin had an obviously large impact on the initiation of the Korean War. It can, however, be concluded that the Korean War was a combination of civil and international conflicts. Bibliography Buzo, A., 2002. The Making of Modern Korea. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. [ONLINE] Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-korean-war-causes-and-effects.html. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. History.com Staff. 2009. Korean War. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. 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